1.去别人家做客，当主人的话可多可少，甚至经常劝你喝茶或提议看看电视时，你就该告辞了。人总是在感到无话可说时，才提醒别人做一些无关紧要的事。再待下去，你可能就不受欢迎了。
2.正在对上司汇报工作，他的眼睛没有专注地看着你，或者他的手指不经意地在桌上扣几下，很可能他已对你的汇报不满意了。如果你进去时，他的脚正在桌子下无聊地晃动；你说话间，他的脚忽然停止了摇动，那他已对你的话产生了浓厚的兴趣。
3.和一个新认识的人谈话时，他的双手总是在不经意间抱在胸前，那表明他还是对你有所防备的，所以，在让他相信你以前，最好还是谨慎为之。
4.在酒桌上，一个向你频频敬酒的人，不是有求于你，就是对你有敌意，所以你还是尽快分析一下，究竟自己属于前者还是后者。前者就赶快把话题引过去答应他，后者你就要装醉了。
5.一个人向你发出了邀请，你兴致勃勃地落实邀请时，他忽然顾左右而言他。其实，他的邀请不过是顺口一来的说法，你就不要追究下去了，除非你想让他讨厌。
6.发现你的失误没有告诉你，比告诉你要可怕得多，特别是两个人处于竞争的工作状态时。
7.一个面对你总是夸夸其谈的人并不是骄傲，他的内心恰好与他夸夸其谈的外表相反，是一个极度自卑的人。他的夸夸其谈不过是用来掩饰内心的自卑罢了。
8、坐姿能显露一个人的个性。坐时翘起一条腿：相当自信，个性懒散，不容易幻想，任何私人问题或烦恼都不能使之困扰，信心形之于外。坐时双腿并拢，双脚平放地上：坦率、开放而诚实，具有洁癖和守时 的习惯，喜欢有规律的生活，按照时间表行事会觉得比较自在。坐时双腿伸前，双脚在踝部叉起：希望成为中心人物，有保守且近乎愚蠢的意志，喜欢求取稳定。坐时一脚盘在另一脚下：个性独特，凡事漠不关心，无责任感，喜欢受人注目，有创新力，作风不拘于传统。坐时两膝并拢，两脚分开约一英尺：对周围事物非常敏感，观察入微，由于深谙人情世故，相当体贴别人，也能原谅别人，多愁善感。坐时双脚在膝部交叉，一脚勾另在一脚后：逗人喜爱，非常得人缘，个性好静，容易与别人相处，不善夸耀或虚饰。 此外，坐下后摸嘴巴者，往往情绪不安，猜疑心颇重：摸膝盖者往往以为将有好事临身，自负之心颇高：摸下巴者是为某种事而烦恼：刚坐下就不断抓头发的人，性子较急，喜欢速战速决，情意不一，容易见异思迁：坐下后喜欢由下而上摸额的人，能言善道，说服力强，但这种人手段也往往比较狡诈。
9、某种性格或某种心情的人会用不同的步姿走路。走路大步，步子有弹力及摆动手臂显示一个人的自信、快乐、友善及雄心：走路时拖着步子，步伐小或速度时快时慢则相反。性格好支配人者，走路时倾向于脚向后踢高。性格冲动的人，则像鸭一样低头急走。而拖着脚走路的人，通常是不快乐及内心苦闷。女性走路时手臂摆的愈高，便显示她愈精力充沛和快乐。精神沮丧、苦闷、愤怒及思绪混乱时女性走路时很少摆动手臂。走路习惯摆动手臂者往往会有成就。
10、有的人上半身松松垮垮地、无力地耷拉着头说话，这种姿势，是羞怯的或者怀着自卑感或犯罪感的人常做的姿势。有的人在与别人对话时将身体向后微仰，好像是以后仰姿势在探视着对方的态度，持这种姿势的人，自高自大，想要把自己身上的优越性加倍夸张地从中向别人炫耀，是具有虚荣心和自我表现欲这样性格的人。还有，在与别人相对进行谈话时，身体总是不停地动一动或是微微地动一动自己的手脚的人，他们是属于情绪不安，脾气暴躁，容易发火着急的人。抱着两臂或将两手背在身后与人讲话或听对方讲话，表现出一种自高自大的优越感。持着拐杖或两手支在桌上讲话或听人讲话的姿势，显示出了一种轻蔑对方的傲慢态度。如果坐在你对面的谈话对象，由开始时的普通姿势，转换成抱着胳膊，架起二郎腿的那种姿势，并且终于想要发言了的时候，你应该预感到，他也许要拂逆并打破一直保持着的谈话氛围，准备发表不同意见，大唱反调了。
如果对方抱起胳膊，架起二郎腿后，又做出挺胸，腰向前滑这样的姿势，那么，这就反应出他既有想从这种谈话的场合逃脱出来的愿望，同时也表示情绪低落，兴致索然，当这两种心理混杂在一起时，就用这样的姿势表现了出来。如果他的上身向前屈的话，则表示他终于忍耐不住要发言了。
谈话对方持不友好态度时的姿势，往往是如下这些动作：在胸前把两只手握在一起或双掌合一，两手互握，胳膊紧贴在腋下，胳膊肘用力像身体压、手掌贴在胸前等。这一类的持续紧张的动作所表现出的心理，一般来讲，不太可能是与『开朗』、『明快』有关的心理和情绪。他表现的大多是颓唐和自我防线的心理，以及稍稍带些气馁的忧郁心理和踌躇不快的心理。
11、双腿并拢站者，可靠、意识健全，脚踏实地而且忠厚诚实，但表面上显得有点冷漠。站立时两腿分开约二英尺，脚尖略朝外偏：果断、任性、富有进取心，不装腔作势。双腿并拢交叉站立，一脚稍后，两足平置地面：有雄心，性格暴躁，是个积极进取、极富冒险精神得人，通常围达目的赴汤蹈火在所不辞。站立时一脚直立，另一脚则弯置其后，以脚尖触地：情绪非常不稳定，变化多端，喜欢不断的刺激与挑战。
站立姿势有正（背）面与侧面之分。比较而言，正面姿势所反应的特征，是人们通过学习和对自身经验的总结、累积，而形成的姿势特征：而侧面姿势，一般被认为是仍保留着出生时的原始姿势倾向和特征。所以，正面姿势是人们在适应后天的生活环境而形成的，它所反映的是人们的未来和现在的状况，同时也表现出一个人克服困难的能力。而侧面姿势则表现出原始的感情，幼年、少年时期的心理活动，以及与生活有关的心理活动。如果看到一个垂头、屈膝、驼背、弯腰的侧面姿势，我们马上就可以从这种状况中判断，这个人的心理不会是处于紧张状态，而是处于一种沮丧的松弛状态。哭泣着入睡的孩子，以及怀着伤感不安、卷曲着睡觉的成年人的侧面就是这种样子。这种姿势和那些失掉了干劲或疲惫不堪的人蹲着的姿势，有许多共同之处。
12、 撒谎者不像惯常理解的那样会回避对方的眼神，反而更需要眼神交流来判断你是否相信他说的话；说谎者在说谎前会眼神飘移 在想好说什么谎后 会眼神肯定 如果你冷静的反驳 说谎者会再次出现眼神飘移。撒谎者面对一个提问，通常会先有点失措，然后借假笑的时间迅速思考，想出一个并不高明的谎言，然后异常坚定地回应。而且，甚至会一直自言自语，越说越多，因为沉默的时候，他觉得别人还在怀疑他。
人们说谎的时候会摸脖子，这是个经典的动作。手指指向一边，眼睛却朝另一边看，说谎的时候就会这样，绞尽脑汁编造事实，肢体则完全跟不上。说话犹豫且重复，没有办法组织好自己该说的话，所以明显是在说谎。说话时单肩耸动，表示对所说的话极不自信，身体和语言的不一致，表明在说谎。如果对方对你的质问表示不屑，通常你的质问会是真的。
试探一个人是不是说谎，最简单并且最邪恶的办法就是也扯个谎让他往里跳。
13、真正的吃惊表情转瞬即逝，超过一秒钟便是假装的；
14、如果先突然大声说话，然后再用手猛拍桌子，这是对可怕事情反应的手势时间差。如果是真的发火，这两个动作会同时进行。
15、要是有人要将要实施血腥的罪行，就会出现这样的表情：眉毛朝下皱紧，上眼睑扬起，眼周绷紧。当真正的凶手看到被害者照片的时候，会表现出恶心、轻蔑甚至是害怕。但绝对不会是吃惊。
16、被询问时，咬嘴唇、抓耳朵，这是在提高自己的控制感——焦虑的表现。
17、鼻孔扩大、嘴唇绷紧——发火了，但还在控制当中。
18、说话缓慢轻柔表明内心极度的悲伤和焦虑。
19、在现代人的交际中，喝酒是一种重要的社交手段。据英国《每日电讯》报道，英国伦敦大学的心理学专家格伦·威尔逊教授的研究发现，从端酒杯的方式可以把喝酒者的个性归为8个类型。
卖弄风情型。把酒杯举到身体裸露的部位 如脖子、手臂 前，一边啜饮，一边用目光交流感情，或是边注视对方边慢慢将酒饮尽。这通常是对你感兴趣、想引起你注意，你最好表现出欣赏和赞美。
流言蜚语型。握住酒杯的上端，并配合着手势来回舞动，然后再把酒杯置于身下，相互耳语。这样的人有稳固的圈子，很难突破进去。如果是一群女士如此，就是"三个女人一台戏"，最好别轻易打断她们说八卦。
大众情人型。抓住瓶颈直接畅饮。不管男女，这种人喜欢社交，注重团结，乐意扩大自己的社交圈。接近他们最好的办法就是直接走过去，以一个小幽默作为开场白。
自我封闭型。紧紧地抓住酒杯，生怕别人抢走；喝得很慢，而且为了应付来敬酒的人，还要故意剩几口。这种人比较被动、害羞，不妨先美言几句，增强他的自信，让其打开话匣子。
冷面美人型。紧握酒杯，并将其放在"障碍性"的位置，避免任何亲密的接近。这种人通常具有很强的防御心，多为女性。努力靠近她只会浪费时间甚至惹火烧身。
花花公子型。酒杯在手里更像是一种道具，且通常挑选象征阳具的高脚杯。这种人通常是自信、迸发活力的男性，占有欲强的他容易倒在石榴裙下。
武断鲁莽型。举着酒杯四处摆臂，嘴里滔滔不绝说着自己的观点。这种人非常注重个人形象，自信中夹杂傲慢。如果你和他是同性且不必刻意交好的话，最好躲着他走。
目空一切型。以威胁的方式举着大酒杯或酒瓶四处招摇，以炫耀自己的酒量。这种人自我中心，容易与人起争执，即使开个轻松的玩笑，也让人感觉夹棍带枪的。接近这种人要小心翼翼，或者干脆放弃。
20、英国伦敦大学心理学家格伦·威尔逊教授等人发现，吃饭时喜欢举着酒杯到处走，并且滔滔不绝说着自己观点的人通常自信开放，希望结识更多朋友。喜欢炫耀自 己的酒量、举着酒杯四处与人干杯的人通常有些虚荣，饭局上容易"得意忘形"，但控制力有限，易与人起争执。把酒杯放在不显眼的位置，或者抓得紧紧的人通常 防备心理较重，不希望与他人过多交往。
等开餐时有些坐立不安，食物一上桌就狼吞虎咽的人大都性格爽朗，没有什么心眼，做事也积极肯干。 讲究餐具和环境卫生的人通常心思细腻，哪怕一个小骨头掉在桌上也要捡到，生活中也有条不紊，擅于打理。什么菜都要尝一口的人爱冒险，冲劲十足。而一吃完饭 就离开桌子的人多以自我为中心，很少考虑别人的想法。
此外，爱喝什么酒也与性格特点有关。选择啤酒的人通常乐意迎合他人，也容易获得别 人的好感。选择洋酒的人很重视气氛和情调，喜欢怀旧、容易伤感，性格比较敏感。爱喝葡萄酒或香槟酒的人懂得享受生活，对事物的见解独特，对他人的要求也较 高。而爱喝白酒的人天生具有活力，性情率直，通常交际广阔，但缺乏耐心和恒心。
21、 从读书看性格 ：在美国纽约，有一个名叫"希尔塞心理咨询中心"的研究机构。它的主任霍夫曼博士是一位著名的心理学家，他经过多年的研究之后发现，读书与人的性格之间有着密不可分的内在联系。正因为如此，可以通过读者业余时间喜爱阅读的图书报刊种类的不同，来了解他们在个性上的一些特点以及在情绪方面的某些变化。
霍夫曼博士归纳出了喜欢阅读下面15类图书报刊的人一般具有的性格特征。
如果爱阅读罗曼蒂克一类的小说——你肯定感情较为丰富充实，对直觉深信不疑，感到生活充满七彩阳光。难能可贵的是，在陷于困境或者面临失败时，你能顽强抗争，不会萎靡不振。
倘若喜欢看传记体裁的书籍——你必定是一个深思熟虑的人，既有雄心壮志，又脚踏实地。谦虑好问是你最大的特点，在作出某项决定之前会思考再三，从来不轻率冒险从事。
要是对小型报纸爱不释手——你的性格显得乐观快活，感情也较为外露。特别爱聊天，并以此作为一大乐事。在一起谈话的几个人当中，你必定是一个"当仁不让"的"中心发言人"。
如果很欣赏喜剧性的书籍——忧愁、痛苦和烦恼一定和你无缘，因为你是一个乐天派。笑口常开，青春永驻，具有潇洒的风度和风趣的性格，任何困难或阻力都无法使你为难。 !
倘若常读报纸和新闻性刊物——足以说明你关心国内外大事，眼观世界风云变幻，时时处处使自己的言行跟上时代的步伐，不愿当一名落伍者。你思维敏捷，对新事物能作出迅速的反应。
要是对画报或是大型画册兴趣盎然——你肯定热情好客，爱结朋友，同事、亲戚和好友都愿意到你家里造访。在家里举办的宴会上，你是一位十分称职的主人，能使每一位在座的每一位客人乘兴而来，满意而去。
如果喜欢拜读《圣经》——可以断言你为人诚实，手脚勤快，从不偷懒，尊敬智者，尊重知识。在处理人际关系时，宽厚待人、严于律己和与人为善是你的重要原则。
倘若爱看侦探或破案一类的书籍——动脑筋和解难题必定是你的一大特点，在许多人看来似乎是束手无策的题目，到了你的手上却能轻而易举地解开。而且对于一些令人望而止步的难题，你却兴趣倍增，以解开它们为乐事。
要是对科幻类的图书如获至宝——你一定思维发达、想象丰富、创造性强，总想将自己担负的工作完成得更出色，把自己的一生变得更加美好。
如果经常阅读妇女方面的报刊——表面你希望自己能够成为女性当中的佼佼者，事业上富有进取性；在工作时严格要求，一丝不苟；谨慎行事，不愿意因为自己的某种过失或是一时的疏忽而铸造大错，造成终生的遗憾
倘若喜欢阅读财政经济一类的书报杂志——可以看出你是一个自尊自重的人，崇拜那些在事业上卓有建树的人物，并以他们为榜样。你希望能充分发挥自己的竞争力，登上"冠军"的"宝座"。
对一些广为流行的时尚杂志格外青睐、喜爱——你很有可能会比较多地关注自己的身份和地位，有时甚至脱离实际地拔高自己，常常下不了台。
如果特别喜欢读诗歌——你一定是热爱生活的人，对人世间的一切钟爱有加。大自然的蓝天、大海、高山、流水、飞禽和走兽是那样的美好可爱，充满着温馨和朝气，令人心旷神怡。与此同时，你有意识地在诗的熏陶下，进行反思，使心灵得到净化，远离"假恶丑"，追求"真善美"。
倘若读历史书籍津津有味——尊重事实，讲究实际和重视效果是你待人处事的原则，你的时间安排得满满的，用在努力工作或者认真做学问上面。你从来不会在那种毫无意义的闲聊场合里露面，也不会和那些无所事事的人交往。
要是醉心于恐怖故事——你或许对生活感到厌倦而心情压抑，或许在激烈的竞争所带来的巨大压力面前无所适从，或许面对屡次的失败而不堪重负。为了摆脱内心的空虚焦虑，你只好用刺激使自己得到解脱，因此对这类书籍颇有好感。然而效果并非想象的那么理想，尽管能暂时使你忘却烦恼和抑郁。
22、对人热情本来是美德，但如果一个人对你过分地热情，你可要注意，他可能要拒绝你的要求或建议。在心理学上有一种防卫机制，我们称之为"反向形成"，意思是指想法和行动有相反的表现。比如一个人对一个异性感兴趣，但可能对他（她）特别地冷淡；对一个人特别地憎恨，但表现出特别地友好。
23、当我们向别人提一个要求时，对方还没听完就说自己"知道了"，其实最后并没有帮助你。心理学告诉我们，当一个对你的性格、目的所知不多的人，对你的请求显示出闻一知十的态度时，通常是不想让你继续说下去。我们试想，当我们要帮助一个人时，总是有耐心地听他讲完，然后根据问题的难易程度来决定该怎样做。
出现这种情况的解释就是要么他不愿意帮助，但只是出于礼貌而不采取直接拒绝你的办法；要么他没有听懂你的意思，而只能用这种方法来表示听懂了。
所以，当你听到对方轻易答应时，不要被这种现象所迷惑，而认为他是个非常热情的人，其实，这时候你要知道，你的目的没有达到，要清楚该改变做些什么了。
24、说话速度往往能反映出一个人的气质。如果在平时说话速度就快，可能是能说会道的表现，但是，如果平时说话速度不快，而此时速度突然加快，则反映出他现在的心态有不安感或有紧张感。
社会心理学家曾发现一种有趣的现象：一个男人在外拈花惹草后，如果他觉得这可能会对不起他的老婆，他往往会突然对妻子滔滔不绝地说许多话。为什么会出现这种情况呢？因为在深层的心理有不安感时，说话速度都会快得异乎寻常，其目的就是自欺欺人，缓和内心的不安与恐惧。
25、当与人接触时，如果对方不断地问你问题，并且不给你提问的机会，你要知道，他可能有某件羞于让人知道或怕别人提及的事。
有这样一个案例：一个人到心理咨询中心求助，因为他现在非常担心别人问他的工作情况。他原来的职位让人羡慕不已，而如今换了一个公认的"瘦差"，心中有一种强烈的失落感。整天担心别人问及他的事，如果与人接触，只好变得很热情，不断地问对方现在情况怎样，目的只有一个，不给别人问自己情况的机会。
26、令人厌恶的刺激能使瞳孔收缩；令人高兴的刺激会使瞳孔扩大；恐慌或兴奋激动时，会使瞳孔扩大到平常的4倍，因此，瞳孔的变化是中枢神经系统活动的标志。
眼球的转动也可以显示正在进行的思维活动。如果你在与人交谈中，发现对方眼球比较稳定，转动较少，则说明他态度诚恳，是个值得继续交谈的对象；如果发现对方目光游移闪烁，眼球转动次数较多，则说明他心口不一，或是不想与你继续交谈下去。
眼皮有张与合这两种状态，在一般情况下这也能反映出人的精神状态。当你看到一个耷拉着眼皮的人时，此时他可能内心沮丧或懊恼；当你看到一个在交谈时半闭双眼的人时，那可能是轻狂傲慢、目中无人的表现。
视线是条看不见摸不到的线，在与人交谈时，要注意对方是否在看着自己，亦即有无视线接触，这说明对方是否对自己有好感或兴趣等。如果对方完全不看自己，便是对自己不感兴趣或无亲近感。相反，当我们在路上行走时，发现陌生人一直盯着我们，必定会感到不安，甚至会觉得害怕。
另外，不相识的人，在彼此视线相交的时候，便会立刻撇开。这是由于人们通常认为，一个人被别人看久了，便会产生被看穿内心或被侵犯隐私权感觉。当我们在等公共汽车，或站在影剧院卖票口排队买票时，一般都用自己的后背朝向别人，这种表现为人们司空见惯的。这样做，不仅是为了观察是否该轮到自己了，也是为了避免与不相识的人视线相交而尴尬。但也有面对面站着的，这些人多为朋友、夫妻、亲人、恋人等。他们会彼此之间在心中默许自己的隐私权受到某种程度的侵犯。因此，他们偶尔会视线交错，便于交谈或进行心理沟通。彼此视线相交之际，即表示为有意进行心理沟通。
但若是这种视线相交对于女性而言，则具有不同的意义。许多研究表明，当女性不愿意把自己的内心想法传递给对方时，多半会选择凝视。心理学家艾克斯莱恩等人曾做过人们对视的实验，实验结果表明，在给受试者一个"故意隐瞒真相"的指示后，在接受测试的过程中，男性会降低注视对方的几率，而女性的几率则反而提高。那些没有接受指示的男性，其谈话时间内有668％的时间在注视对方；但得到指示后，却只有608％的时间在注视对方。而接受测试的女性在接受指示之后，居然能提高到69％的时间在注视对方。因此，如果你在公开场所遇见一个长久注视着自己的女性时，不妨认为她可能心中隐藏着什么不可告人的秘密，要注意挖掘她言不由衷的真相。
人的视线活动方式，也能够反映着人的心态。一般来说，人们都会认为那些目不转睛地注视着谈话者的人态度较为诚恳。这样，可以从注视中，透视对方的心理动向。
当你与一个人在初次见面时，简单地自我介绍以及四目相对后，如果是对方先移开视线，那么说明这个人的性格比较主动。这样的方法同样适用于谈判中的眼神攻略，在谈判开始时，只要给有经验的谈判专家1分钟，他就会根据对方的眼神来判断对方是否能占上风，以此来调整自己的状态。许多谈判专家认为，当两人视线接触时，先移开目光的人，往往就是胜利者。相反，因对方移开视线而耿耿于怀的人，就可能胡思乱想，以为对方嫌弃自己，或与自己谈不来，因此，在无形中对对方的视线有了介意，而完全受对方的牵制了。正因为如此，如果一个人在与你初次交谈时，视线不集中，那么他可能是一个挑战型的交谈者，遇到这类人应特别小心应付。
不过，同样是撇开视线的行为，如果是在受人注意时才移开视线，那又另当别论了。一般而言，当我们心中有愧疚，或有所隐瞒时，就会产生这种现象。
视线柔和自然的人内心从容自信；视线不停乱动的人心不在焉，或者喜欢算计，善于察言观色；眼睛惊恐，不断被对方表情左右的人有自卑感，没有主见，或急于讨好对方；微微低头、视线向上望着对方的人可能有敬畏的心理，抬头向下望着对方则表示傲慢；大睁眼睛直视对方的人如果不是充满敌意，则多半精力充沛，或控制欲强。
如果一个人眼睛没有任何的问题，但却总是"斜眼"看人的话，那么就容易被认为是一个瞧不起人而且心术不正的人。在交往中，如果面对异性，只望上一眼，便故意移开视线的人，大都是由于对对方有着强烈的兴趣。譬如，在火车上或公共汽车上，上来一位年轻貌美的女性，所有人的眼光几乎都会集中在她身上，但年轻的男性往往会很快把脸扭向一旁。他们虽然也非常感兴趣，不过基于强烈的压抑作用而产生自制行为。假使兴趣欲望增大时，便会用斜视来偷看。这是由于想看清对方，却又不愿让对方知道自己的心思的缘故。所以，在与人交谈时应尽量避免斜视，以免引来不必要的麻烦。
在职场中，当上司与下属讨论工作时，上级的注视的视线肯定会由高处发出，而且会很自然地直接投射下来。反过来看看下属，虽然他并没有做任何错事，但注视上司的视线却常常由下而上，而且往往显得软弱无力。这是由于职位高的人，总是希望对下级保持其威严的心理作用。如果你是一名上司，在注视你的下属时要注意适当地降低视线的位置，不要给对方一种高高在上、咄咄逼人的感觉；如果你是一位下属，在注视你的上司时，视线的位置应适当地调高，给上司一种不卑不亢的自信的感觉，这样他可能会对你刮目相看。
但这种眼神也有例外，这与职位高低无关，而是性格原因。一般来说，在交往时，性格内向的人容易移开视线，不敢注视别人。美国的比较心理学家理查·科斯曾做过一种实验，让患有强度"自闭症"的儿童与陌生的成年人见面，以观测他面对成年人时间的长度。将成年人的眼睛蒙起与不蒙的两种情况相比较，发现儿童注视前者的时间，居然为后者的三倍。这就是说，双方眼光一接触，儿童会立刻移开视线。由此可知，性格内向的人，大都无法一直注视对方。如果你是一个想变得活泼些的内向人，那么不妨从改变你的眼神开始吧！不要害羞，慢慢试着延长注视别人眼睛的时间，当然这个时间不能过长，不然会起到相反的效果。
此外，当你在与人交谈时，要让对方从你的视线中感到你的真诚，友善，信任，尊重的情感，这样你会更容易走进别人的内心世界。
27、寒暄是人们相见开始时最常用的方式，虽然只是短短的一瞬间，但如果仔细观察，仍然有助于了解对方。
表情：眼睛柔和地注视对方、笑容自然放松的人内心从容自信；眼睛大睁直视对方、表情夸张的人有表现欲；目光躲闪、口中忙不迭地问好的人有自卑倾向；目光游离、表情僵硬的人比较傲慢。
握手的力度：握手短促有力的人热情而自信，握手轻飘飘的人心不在焉或缺乏自信，不断地摇晃手臂的人有恭维对方的心理。
手掌的湿度：若对方的手掌潮湿，说明对方的精神处于兴奋状态，心理上处于不平衡状态。
28、表情是心情的镜子。人要装出若无其事的样子或制造出与自己的真实想法完全不同的表情来，是很困难的。了解以下的对应表现对我们观察了解他人有很大帮助。
眉毛上扬，额头呈现抬头纹，眼睛张大，嘴巴张开，表示惊讶。
惊恐与惊讶相似，但情感不流露于脸上。
嘴角向下撇，鼻梁上挤满皱纹，脸颊抽动，表示厌恶。
眉毛下压，眉间有皱纹，目光聚于一处，鼻孔微张，嘴角抿成一字或像大叫似的张开，表示愤怒。
幸福的表情是嘴角上挑，鼻子到嘴唇两端处有表情纹，下眼睑处有细纹，眼角下垂。
29、说话一直慢条斯理，突然变得快速急促，往往是因为心中感到不安或恐惧，想迅速把事情说出来以得到解脱。同样地，一直能言善辩，突然变得吞吞吐吐或者一直说话不得要领，突然间滔滔不绝等情况，都要引起注意。
一个人在表达反对意见时，为在气势上压制对方，往往会提高音调；人在激动时，无论是高兴还是生气，也常提高音调。相反，人们在平静、颓丧、沉思时，往往降低音调。
有自信、心地坦荡、性格乐观的人，说话必然富有节奏感。相反，如果一个人说话经常张口结舌、语无伦次，则多半是缺乏自信或心中有鬼。如果一个人说话有板有眼，说明他对所谈事情清楚明白，立场坚定，不怕对方反驳；相反，匆匆忙忙想要结束谈话，或支支吾吾、语气暧昧的人，多半不愿承担责任，处世圆滑。
30、手是最容易表现人的习惯的部位。比如有的人喜欢有意无意地玩弄领带、钢笔、挖鼻、抚弄头发、掰关节等，双手总是忙个不停，这样的人不安稳，欠成熟；笑时用手掩住嘴的人有女人气；手势过多过大的人表现欲强，或者思维活跃，急于表达。
坐下时两膝靠拢的人，比较内敛拘谨；双腿叉开的人不拘小节；喜欢跷起"二郎腿"的人，控制欲比较强，希望获得优越感；习惯将脚神经质般不停晃动、前伸、翘起的人，比较喜欢引人注意，表示自己"对此事不在意"。
坐下来经常将左腿搭在右腿上，双手交叉放于大腿左侧或右侧。喜欢这种坐姿的人比较自信，对自己的见解、主张很坚决，一般不容易被他人说服。这类人头脑比较聪明，具有很好的天资，并具有领导才能；但当坐上高位时又不免有妄自尊大、得意忘形之举，缺乏一定的毅力，爱见异思迁，一心只想往高处爬。
坐时腿脚很规矩地拢靠在一起，双手交叉放于大腿两侧。这类人思想比较保守，为人做事比较古板，不轻易接受别人的意见。有时候明知别人说的是对的，但他们仍然固执地坚持自己的观点。这类人还是完美主义者，做事要求尽善尽美。他们对别人很挑剔，对自己却不甚自律，爱幻想又不太重实际，生活中总是失败，这是因为他们太浮躁，做什么事都不能长久，缺乏耐心。这类人寻找配偶时更是挑剔无比，总爱用自己的理想模式来衡量对方。不是嫌弃学历低，就是嫌弃长相差。挑来拣去，最终的结果也未必如意。
坐下来爱把两膝并在一起，两腿分开成"八"字形，两手并拢放在膝盖上。这类坐姿女性较多。因为她们比较胆怯、害羞，不自然，不大方，对自己自信心不足。特别是在公共场合，一说话就会脸红，眼睛不敢正视他人，看人一眼就迅速将目光转移。这类人感情比较丰富细腻，但过于狭隘而缺乏温柔；小家子气很浓，入不了大场合，上不了大台面。这类人的保守观念很强，很难接受新思想、新观念。爱抱残守缺，对时尚的东西不太感兴趣，并带有批判色彩。他们遇事就缺乏理智，容易慌乱，常以偏激的方法意气行事，但事情往往很不理想。不过这类人很忠于朋友，只要朋友有困难，他就会想尽一切办法帮助解决。这类人的爱情观也受着传统思想的束缚，男女平等观念很淡薄。不过这类男子比较有大男子主义倾向；而这类女人又有家庭主妇的"东方美德"，她们对家务活从不抱怨，任劳任怨地承担起家务事。她们会把家里收拾得井井有条，对家人照顾得很到位。这是这类女子招男子喜欢的重要因素。
坐时习惯将右腿搭在左腿上，两腿重叠靠拢，将双手交叉放在右腿上。这类人常给人平易和蔼的感觉，很容易让人接近；但事实恰恰相反，这类人最势利，最世俗。他们不是爱摆架子、爱答不理、漠不关心，就是表面说得天花乱坠，背后一点实事也不做。一旦这类人有求于他人，就会显出一副奴才相了。
坐时敞开双脚，两只手没有固定放处。这是一种开放式坐姿。这类人性格比较外向，说话办事大大咧咧，豪爽洒脱，不拘小节。这类人也有领导风度，具有组织管理才能，又有一定的支配欲。他们喜欢追求新奇，最能打破常规成为引导都市潮流的"先驱"；他们爱干新领域的事业，不愿沿着前人的老观念、老方法去做老事情，敢于尝试他人未尝试的新事物；这类人目标远大，又是喜欢标新立异的创新人物。
两脚交叉而坐的人。男人显示这种姿态时，通常还将握起的双拳放在膝盖上，或用双手紧紧抓住椅子的扶手，背挺得很直；女性摆出这种姿态时，通常在双脚交叉的同时将双手自然地放在膝盖上，或将一只手压在另一只手上。这类人一般很冷酷，不轻易表露自己的真实情绪。他们摆出这种坐姿就是在控制内心情绪的波动，防止自己的真情外露；故意控制自己的感情，竭力使自己的假表情浮现出来。这类人的防范意识是一流的。这种人很内向，不爱在别人面前将自己的信息外露，对自己的感情、思想很封闭。他们不愿别人了解自己更多，也对别人不太在意，就是对自己的伴侣也不会表现得过于亲昵。在工作上，这类人很认真，很注重自己的工作业绩。他们具有埋头苦干的劲头，干事踏实认真，一般能以优异的工作业绩获得他人的好评。
喜欢侧身而坐的人。这类人很灵活，积极向上，乐观自信，对自己的言行不会太在意，有不拘小节的一面。这类人精明能干，很招人喜欢，但有一点不足，他们缺乏一定的耐心。
其他坐姿。将身体蜷缩在一起、双手夹在大腿中间而坐的人，往往自卑感很强，缺乏自信，大多属于服从型性格。当着众人猛然而坐的人，看似大气，实则紧张。他以猛坐来掩饰自己内心的不安。坐在椅子上摇摆不定，或将椅子不断挪动的人，一定有心事，内心焦躁不安；或对你的谈话不在意，不想再听你说下去。坐下时与你相距较近的人，对你有信任感或好感，并想换取你的信任与好感。深深坐入椅内的人比较坦然，他在向对方表现处于心理优势的行为。告诉对方不必过分紧张，问题会得到解决的。始终浅坐在椅子边角上的人，对谈话的对方不够重视，很没有坦诚相见。喜欢对着坐的人，更希望自己能被对方理解。
走路快、步幅大的人一般是急性子；走路东张西望、慌里慌张的人可能喜欢算计；走路磨磨蹭蹭、总喜欢靠着墙角走路的人是沉默的内向者，或者有自卑倾向；喜欢把手插到裤袋里的人希望引起别人注意。
双脚自然站立，左脚在前，左手习惯于放在裤兜里。这种人的人际关系较为协调，他们从来不给别人出什么难题，为人敦厚老实。这种人平常喜欢安静的环境，找一二知己叙旧或者摆弄一下棋盘，给人的第一印象总是斯斯文文的，不过一旦他们碰上比较气愤的事，也会暴跳如雷。
双脚自然站立，双手插在裤兜里，时不时取出来又插进去。这种人比较谨小慎微，凡事喜欢三思后行。如果让他们决定一件事，不如你先给他们一份计划。在工作中他们最缺乏灵活性，往往生硬地解决很多问题，事后又常后悔，这不能不说是这种类型人的悲哀。
两脚交叉并拢，一手托着下巴，另一只手托着这只手的肘关节。这种人多数是工作狂，他们对自己的事业颇有自信，工作起来非常专心。这种人更为引人注目的是他们多愁善感，甚至在他们的言行中也表露无遗。这种人很坚强，他们一般不会向人屈服，也不会由于重重地摔了一跤，就不再踏上充满泥泞和荆棘的道路继续行进了。
两脚并拢或自然站立，双手背在身后，这种人大多在感情上比较急躁，但经受不起爱情的考验。一般来说，这种类型的人与别人都相处得比较融洽，可能很大的原因是由于他们很少对别人说"不"。他们在工作中不会有什么开拓和创新，他们通常不会反对别人的意见。他们的快乐来源于他们对生活的知足。而不愿与人争斗的个性既带给他们愉快，也带给他们气愤。
双手交叉抱于胸前，两脚平行站立。这种人的叛逆性很强，时常忽视对方的存在，具有强烈的挑战和攻击意识。他们很会保护自己，不管遇上何种情况，他们都好打抱不平，因为他们骨子里流的就是好斗的血。在工作中，他们不会因传统的束缚而绑住手脚，这种人的创造能力比其他类型的人发挥得更淋漓尽致得多，并不是因为他们比其他人聪明，而是他们比其他人更敢于发挥自己。
双脚自然站立，偶尔抖动一下双腿，双手十指相扣在腹前，大拇指相互来回搓动。这种人的表现欲望特别强，喜欢在公众场合大出风头。他们大都争强好胜，容不下别人。不要看这种人喜欢出入社交场合，其实他们的人际关系很差。虽然他们敢作敢当的行为对他们的形象略有改观，但他们仍然免不了不合群的情况发生
Orignal From: 不能不懂的社交暗语
2013年1月28日星期一
常用凉茶配方-以后再陆续添加
1、王老吉：
由10味中药组成：以岗梅、淡竹叶、五指柑清心火、解热毒；配以山芝麻、布楂叶、金沙藤、金樱根、木蝴蝶利湿通淋，除肠胃之火；再以金钱草、火炭母冰血去淤，疏肝和胃。这些中药是天然植物，能有效地去除人体的毒素，提高免疫力。
2、夏桑菊茶：
集夏枯草、桑叶、菊花等植物，味道甘甜，气味芳香，清热解毒，清火明目。秋冬防肺燥，春夏祛暑湿。
3、邓老凉茶：
包括金银花、菊花、蒲公英、霜桑叶等中药，具有清热解毒、疏散风热，抗病毒、解热、抗炎等作用。板蓝根：板蓝根颗粒的主要成分为板蓝根。板蓝根具有明确的抗菌、抗病毒作用。其水浸液对多种致病菌如枯草杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、八连球菌、大肠杆菌、伤寒杆菌、副伤寒杆菌、贺志氏及费氏痢疾杆菌、肠炎杆菌和A刑脑炎球菌均有抑制作用，是用于治疗温病发热、热毒、咽喉肿痛等病的良药。
4、清开灵：
由金银花、黄芩、板蓝根、栀子、水牛角、动物胆酸、珍珠层粉等8味中药组方制成。该药具有抗病毒、清热毒、醒脑开窍、抗菌等功能。对各种病毒(热毒)性感冒、上呼吸道感染等有显著的预防和治疗效果。
5、金银花茶：
主要成份为金银花、山芝麻、菊花具有清热解毒，凉血消暑、降火利咽、生津止渴、清除风热感冒、热血毒痢、痛肿疔疮、温病发热等功效。
6、五花茶：
主要成份为金银花、菊花、槐花、葛花、木棉花。选用纯中药精制而成，具有清热解毒、生津止渴、解酒去湿、健胃消滞等作用。
DIY夏季保健凉茶
1、陈皮茶：将干橘子皮10克洗净，撕成小块，放入茶杯中，用开水冲入，盖上杯盖焖10分钟左右，然后去渣，放入少量白糖。稍凉后，放入冰箱中冰镇一下更好。常饮此茶，既能消暑又能止咳、化痰、健胃。
2、桑菊茶：将桑叶、白菊花各10克，甘草3克放入锅中稍煮，然后去渣叶，加入少量白糖，桑菊茶制成了。常饮这种桑菊茶，可散热清肺润喉，清肝明目，对风热感冒也有一定疗效。
3、荷叶凉茶：将半张荷叶撕成碎块，与中药滑石、白术各10克，甘草6克，放入水中，共煮20分钟左右，去渣取汁，放入少量白糖搅匀，冷却后饮用，可防暑降温。
4、西瓜皮凉茶：很多人吃完西瓜将皮丢弃很可惜，可将外皮绿色的那一层利用起来，洗净后切成碎块，放入适量的水煮半小时左右，去渣取汁，再加入少量白糖搅拌均匀，去暑利尿解毒的西瓜皮凉茶就做成了。
5、薄荷凉茶：到中药铺买回薄荷叶、甘草，每次各取6克，加水1000克左右，煮沸5分钟后，放入白糖搅匀。常饮此凉茶提神醒脑。
配方1、有金银花、野菊花、鸡蛋花、木棉花洗净后5碗水褒成一碗水。即可。
配方2、有鸡骨草、夏枯草、加3元瘦肉就可以了。
其实还有很多很多的配搭，不过这两种就比较地道，我们广州人自己都会褒的。
广东凉茶配方
去药房买：夏枯草，桑叶，菊花（杭白菊），去超市买单晶冰糖一包。用普通的锅（不能有油，要刷干净）。抓一把桑叶，一把半菊花，两把夏枯草。15-20粒冰糖（如果不喜欢太甜就少放些），四升水，以这个比例，如果2升水就都减半。放到火上，大火煮开。然后用小火，煤气灶的最小火。煮一个小时即可。晾凉后直接饮用。如冰镇后更可口，不过女性经期不要喝冰镇的。
Orignal From: 常用凉茶配方-以后再陆续添加
养生茶混搭喝讲究配伍
很多朋友在喝养生茶时，都会有疑惑：怎样才能将一些茶料搭配好不犯冲？依据中医理论，喝什么茶，与年龄、性别、体质都有关。以下几条共不同年龄段人士选用哦！
荷叶＋决明子＋生山楂茶
适合中老年人喝
随着年龄的增长，无论男女阴亏日渐明显，肝肾功能衰颓，表现为咽干、半夜起来喝水等。建议喝西洋参、石斛茶比较好，补气养阴、清火生津。
西洋参茶：每次3克。
石斛茶： 每次6克，用开水煮后喝。
荷叶＋决明子＋生山楂茶：减肥、降血压效果好，蛮适合中年人喝。
(荷叶15克，决明子15克——30克＋生山楂15克)
杜仲茶：补肾，如腰痛，可泡茶喝，每次12克煮后喝。
枸杞茶：清肝明目，常对电脑者最好每天用6——10克泡茶喝，最好泡茶喝前用微波炉转一分钟，这样可把里面的营养成分溶解出来。
玫瑰花茶——适合压力大的女人喝
对女人来说，喝花茶比较好，因为花茶理气不伤阴，养颜安神。
玫瑰花茶：活血调经。对易发火、月经不调、乳腺增生者等有效，每次6克。
山楂茶：生山楂消脂、熟山楂消食，胃溃疡患者少喝，每次15克。
柠檬茶：Vc含量多，适合晚上喝，每次1片。
金银花茶：性寒，清热解毒，脾胃虚弱者不适合常喝，每次10克。
龙井茶不宜与参茶一起喝
这些养生茶最好有针对性地每天喝一种，如果混搭着喝，最好一定配伍——
菊花＋枸杞 舒肝明目、补肾
玫瑰花＋绿梅花 活血调经、疏肝理气
苔丁茶＋绿茶 降血脂、明目
西洋参＋石斛，适合胃火旺、阴虚厉害者；
金银花＋麦冬，对咽干、慢性咽炎有效。
另外，龙井、普洱、铁观音等茶不宜和参茶同喝，因为茶能解参。
春天阳气升伤肝，适合养肝健脾，喝甜味茶比较养肝，如菊花茶、生姜茶、蜂蜜茶。
Orignal From: 养生茶混搭喝讲究配伍
上火喝凉茶四禁忌
南亚的季节有明显的气候性，特别是换季的时候，人容易上火。这时我们贪图简便大多选择在外面凉茶铺买几贴凉茶喝。喝凉茶具有清热去火等祛病养生疗效，但是专家表示，凉茶也是一种药，凉茶不可多喝，不可乱喝，要不难以康复不说，还容易影响健康。
禁忌一：不宜喝苦寒的凉茶
中医说"形寒饮冷则伤肺"、"强入冷水则伤肾"，喝苦寒的凉茶对肺和肾不太好。尤其是小孩更加重注。小孩和成人不一样，他们本来就脾胃虚弱，受不得寒凉。要是喝一般大人常喝的凉茶，比如凉茶铺那些，未免太过苦寒，易伤脾胃，脾胃虚了运化不好，就容易湿滞上火。若是婴幼儿时期就常喝五花茶、黄连水、腊梅花等凉性过重的凉茶，对体质还可能造成终生影响，今后再想调理也难了。
禁忌二：不宜长时间喝凉茶
凉茶毕竟有中药成分，就算是药性偏平性，喝多了也伤脾胃，更别说经年累月地喝，破坏了肠道微生态的平衡，身体免疫力弱了，发生呼吸道感染、肠胃病、过敏等疾病的几率也会升高。因此，凉茶不宜长时间喝。
禁忌三：不宜用凉茶来治病
喉咙痛、口臭、眼屎多、便秘等这些都是"上火"的症状，喝点凉茶就好了。但有时却未必如此，呼吸道感染也会喉咙痛，便秘可能是胃动力不足，烂牙通常伴随口臭。若是一味喝凉茶对付，以为凉茶也能治病，没准就耽误了病情。
禁忌四：不宜人人用一方
一煲凉茶老少都喝，一个方子好多人用，按西医的理论再正常不过，在中医看来却极不妥当。中医强调辨证论治，就算是喝凉茶，也要根据具体情况具体用方，否则，喝了不但可能没效，还会产生副作用。因此，人们要根据身身体质及症状等因素综合考虑，选择适宜的凉茶
Orignal From: 上火喝凉茶四禁忌
音乐五行养生茶
音乐五行养生茶
音乐疗法作为艺术疗法的一种，其在心理治疗上的作用已毋庸置疑。那么生理上呢？除了对牛弹琴的笑谈，音乐与我们的身体会否发生某种奇妙反应？古人说，最好的作曲家一定是善于调和五行的高手。因为在我们传统医学中，五脏可以影响五音，五音可以调节五脏。宫商角徵羽，五音调和搭配，就成了一套养身大典。古代士大夫阶层"琴棋书画"养身术中，琴排第一位，也说明在修身养性方面，音乐最有力量。
五音养身给你听
据说在古代，真正好的中医不用针灸或中药，用音乐。一曲终了，病退人安。
中医的经典著作《黄帝内经》两千多年前就提出了"五音疗疾"的理论，《左传》中更说
音乐像药物一样有味道，可以使人百病不生，健康长寿。古代贵族宫廷配备乐队歌者，不纯为了娱乐，还有一项重要作用是用音乐舒神静性、颐养身心。
百病生于气，止于音
古代的音乐和现在有所不同，只有五音：角、徵、宫、商、羽。这五个音阶分别被中国传统哲学赋予了五行的属性：木（角）、火（徵）、土（宫）、金（商）、水（羽）。这一点，恰恰被中医利用了。
音乐可以深入人心，在中医心理学中，音乐可以感染、调理情绪，进而影响身体。在聆听中让曲调、情志、脏气共鸣互动，达到动荡血脉、通畅精神和心脉的作用。生理学上，当音乐振动与人体内的生理振动(心率、心律、呼吸、血压、脉搏等)相吻合时，就会产生生理共振、共鸣。这就是"五音疗疾"的身心基础。
"百病生于气"！这个"气"不仅是情绪，五脏的脏气也包含其中。根据每个人自身的身体结构不同，五脏在脏气上的差异，配合不同的音乐，就可以使五音防病、养身。当然，我们并不是用某个音去调理某个脏器，而是运用五行原理，使它们相生、相克，又相互制约，五音搭配组合，适当突出某一种音来调和身体。
用乐如用药
在繁体字中，樂、藥、療三字同源，音乐与药物、治疗具有天然的联系。音乐可以舒体悦心，流通气血，宣导经络，与药物治疗一样，对人体有调治的能力。
音乐有归经、升降浮沉、寒热温凉，具有中草药的各种特性。而且音乐需要炮制，同样的乐曲，可以使用不同的配器、节奏、力度、和声等等，彼此配伍，如同中药处方中有君臣佐使的区别一样。
用音乐治疗，也有正治、反治。让情绪兴奋者听平和忧伤的乐曲，是最常用的方法，还可以使乐曲与情绪同步，帮听者宣泄过多的不良情绪，例如以如泣如诉的乐曲带走悲伤、以快节奏的音乐发泄过度兴奋的情绪。
阴阳五行体系
五行：金、木、水、火、土
五脏：肺、肝、肾、心、脾
五音：宫、商、角、徵、羽
五窍：鼻、目、耳、舌、口
为了适应读者的五行排序，本文以"金"打头
中国音乐追求的清、静、淡、远的意境，与中医学提倡顺应自然"恬惔虚无"的法则出一辙。
心——五脏中的君主
心脏通常不会偷懒，它一刻不停的搏动完全符合属于火的特性。心脏掌控着精神和血液的循环，然而，现实的生活和工作压力、不断在减少的睡眠、很少运动的身体……无一不在伤害我们的心，所以很容易心脏系统的不适。
心常见不适：失眠、心慌、心胸憋闷、胸痛、烦躁、舌尖部溃疡。
属心的音阶：徵音，相当于简谱中的"5"。徵调式乐曲：热烈欢快，活泼轻松，构成层次分明，性情欢畅的气氛，具有"火"之特性，可入心。
最佳曲目：《紫竹调》。心气需要平和，这首曲子中，运用属于火的徵音和属于水的羽音配合很独特，补水可以使心火不至于过旺，补火又可使水气不至于过凉，利于心脏的功能运转。
最佳欣赏时间：21：00－23：00。中医最讲究睡子午觉，所以一定要在子时之前就要让心气平和下来，过早过晚听都不太合适。
伴茶：准备一杯红茶，略加少量绿茶，可以补益心脏。
肝——五脏中的将军
肝比较喜欢爽朗、豁达。我们如果长期被一些烦恼的事情所困扰，肝就会使我们体内的本该流动的气处于停滞状态，时间稍久，就会逐渐消耗肝的能量，产生种种不适。
肝常见不适：抑郁、易怒、乳房胀痛、口苦、痛经、舌边部溃疡、眼部干涩、胆小、容易受惊吓。
属肝的音阶：角音，相当于简谱中的"3"。角调式乐曲：有大地回春，万物萌生，生机盎然的旋律，曲调亲切爽朗，有"木"之特性，可入肝。
最佳曲目：《胡笳十八拍》。肝顺需要木气练达，这首曲子中属于金的商音元素稍重，刚好可以克制体内过多的木气，同时曲中婉转地配上了较为合适的属于水的羽音，水又可以很好地滋养木气，使之柔软、顺畅。
最佳欣赏时间：19：00－23：00。这是一天中阴气最重的时间，一来可以克制旺盛的肝气，以免过多的肝气演变成火，另外可以利用这个时间旺盛的阴气来滋养肝，使之平衡、正常。
伴茶：准备一杯绿茶，里面少放一些白茶，以起到梳顺肝气的作用。
脾——五脏中的后勤部长
脾是我们身体里的重要能量来源，身体活动所需要的能量，几乎都来自脾胃，经过食物的消化吸收，才能转化成能量供应给各个脏器。暴饮暴食、五味过重、思虑过度等都会让我们的脾胃承担过重的负担，而停产。
脾常见不适：腹胀、便稀、肥胖、口唇溃疡、面黄、月经量少色淡、疲乏、胃或子宫下垂。
属脾的音阶: 宫音，相当于简谱中的"1"。宫调式乐曲风格悠扬沉静，淳厚庄重，有如"土"般宽厚结实，可入脾。
最佳曲目：《十面埋伏》。脾气需要温和，这首曲子中运用了比较频促的徵音和宫音，能够很好地刺激我们的脾胃，使之在乐曲的刺激下，有节奏的进行对食物的消化、吸收。
最佳欣赏时间：在进餐时，以及餐后一小时内欣赏，效果比较好。
伴茶：准备一杯黄茶，略加少量红茶，可以温和的调节脾胃功能。
肺——五脏中的宰相
肺在身体里是管理呼吸的器官，全身的血液里携带的氧气都要通过肺对外进行气体交换，然后再输送到全身各处。也正因为肺和外界接触频繁，所以污染的空气、各种灰尘、致病细菌，会在你身体抵抗力稍低的一刹那，占领你的肺。
肺常见不适：咽部溃疡疼痛、咳嗽、鼻塞、气喘、容易感冒、易出汗。
属肺的音阶: 商音，相当于简谱中的"2"。商调式乐曲风格高亢悲壮，铿锵雄伟，具有"金"之特性，可入肺。
最佳曲目：《阳春白雪》。肺气需要滋润，这首曲子曲调高昂，包括属于土的宫音和属于火的徵音，一个助长肺气，一个平衡肺气，再加上属于肺的商音，可以通过音乐把你的肺从里到外彻底梳理一遍。
最佳欣赏时间：15：00－19：00,太阳在这个时间段里开始西下，归于西方金气最重的地方，体内的肺气在这个时段是比较旺盛，随着曲子的旋律，一呼一吸之间，里应外合，事半功倍。
伴茶：准备一杯白茶，里面少放一些红茶和黄茶，以起到生补肺气，同时清除肺中杂质效果。
肾——五脏中的作强之官
肾在身体的五脏之中，被认为是人体的储蓄机构，我们身体里所有其他脏器产生的能量，在满足日常消耗后，都会把多余的能量转存到肾中，将来身体里的其他器官缺少足够的能量时，通常会从肾中抽调。长此以往，肾中的能量总的来讲还是处于一种匮乏状态。
肾常见不适：面色暗、尿频、腰酸、性欲低、黎明时分腹泻。
属肺的音阶：羽音，相当于简谱中的"6"。羽调式乐曲：风格清纯，凄切哀怨，苍凉柔润，如天垂晶幕，行云流水，具有"水"之特性，可入肾。
最佳曲目：《梅花三弄》。肾气需要蕴藏，这首曲子中舒缓合宜的五音搭配，不经意间运用了五行互生的原理，反复的、逐一的将产生的能量源源不断输送到肾中。一曲听罢，神清气爽，倍感轻松。
最佳欣赏时间：7：00－11：00。这段时间在一天里是气温持续走高的一个过程，人和大自然是相互影响的，在这个时间段，太阳在逐渐高升，体内的肾气也蠢蠢欲动地受着外界的感召，如果此时能够用属于金性质的商音和属于水性质的羽音搭配比较融洽的曲子来促使肾中精气的隆盛。
伴茶：准备一杯黑茶，里面少放一些白茶，以起到五行相生的效果。
茶叶五行
绿茶：五行属木，代表茶有碧螺春、毛尖、毛峰、猴魁、龙井。
红茶：五行属火，代表茶有川红功夫、滇红功夫、祁门功夫。
黄茶：五行属土，代表茶有霍山雪芽、温州黄汤、君山银针。
白茶：五行属金，代表茶有银针白毫、贡眉、白牡丹。
黑茶：五行属水，代表茶有普洱茶、湖南黑茶。
一年四季喝什么茶
我国民间有句老话："当家度日七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶"，这话说明茶在我国人民生活中必不可少。然而人们知道饮茶很有乐趣，而且对于人体健康还有很多学问，如不同季节饮茶就大有讲究。中医主张春饮花茶，夏饮绿茶，秋饮青茶，冬饮红茶。
春饮花茶
我国大部分地区是季风气候，春温、夏热、秋凉、冬寒。四季极为分明。在春天的日子里，春风复苏，阳气生发，给万物带来生机，但这时人们却普遍感到困倦乏力，表现为春困的现象。
人喝花茶，能缓解春困带来的不良影响，花茶甘凉而兼芳香辛散之气，有利于散发积聚在人体内的冬季寒邪，促进体内阳气的生发，令人神清气爽，可使春困自消。
花茶是集茶味之美，鲜花之香于一体的茶中珍品。花引茶香，相得益彰，其中以茉莉花茶最为有名，这是因为茉莉花香气清婉，入茶饮之浓醇爽口，馥郁宜人。高档花茶的泡饮应选用透明的玻璃盖杯，取花茶3克，放入杯中，用初沸开水稍凉至90摄氏度左右冲泡，随即盖上杯盖，以防香气散失。二三分钟后即可品饮，顿觉芬芳扑鼻，令人心旷神怡。
另外花茶还有美容养颜，降血脂，降火气等功效。
夏饮绿茶
夏日炎热，骄阳似火，人在其中，挥汗如雨，人的体力消耗很多，精神不振，这时最好以品绿茶，因绿茶属未发酵茶，性寒寒可清热最能去火，生津止渴，消食化痰，对口腔和轻度胃溃疡有加速愈合作用。而且它营养成分较高，这种茶冲泡后，水色清冽，香气清幽，滋味鲜爽，夏日常饮清热解暑，绿茶中的珍品，有浙江杭州狮峰的龙井，汤色碧绿，清香宜人，被誉为"中国绿茶魁首"；江苏太湖碧螺春，茶色碧草嫩绿，香气浓郁；安徽黄山毛峰，茶味清香。
冲泡绿茶直取90摄氏度开水泡之，高级绿茶和细嫩的龙井，其芽叶细嫩，香气也多为低沸点的清香型；用80摄氏度开水泡即可，冲泡时不必盖上杯盖，以免产生闷气，影响茶汤的鲜爽度。
秋饮青茶
秋天，天高云淡，金风萧瑟，花木凋落，气候干燥，令人口干舌燥，嘴唇干裂中医称之"秋燥"这时宜饮用青茶。青茶，又称乌龙茶，属半发酵茶介于红茶和绿茶间。色泽青褐，冲泡后可看到叶片中间呈青色，叶缘呈红色 ，素有"青叶镶边"美誉，既有绿茶的清香和天然的花香，又有红茶醇厚的滋味。不寒不热，温热适中，有润肤润喉生津，清除体内积热，让机体适应自然环境之变化的作用。
常见的乌龙茶名品有福建乌龙，广东乌龙，台湾乌龙，以闽北武夷岩茶，闽南安溪铁观音为著名。但乌龙茶类很多以茶树品种而分。有铁观音、奇兰、梅占、水仙、桃仁、毛蟹等。乌龙茶习惯浓饮，注重品味闻鲜，冲泡乌龙茶需100度沸水，泡后片刻将茶壶里的茶水倒入杯中，品时香气浓郁，齿颊留香。
冬饮红茶
冬天，天寒地冻，万物蛰伏，寒邪袭人，人体生理功能减退，阳气渐弱，中医认为：时届寒冬，万物生机闭减，人的机体生理活动处于抑制状态。养生之道贵乎御寒保暖。
红茶甘温，可养人体阳气，红茶含有丰富的蛋白质和糖，生热暖腹，增强人体的抗寒能力，还可助消化，去油腻。红茶类在加工过程中经过充分发酵，使茶鞣质氧化，故又称全发酵茶。茶鲜叶经过氧化后形成红色的氧化聚合物——茶黄素、茶红素、茶褐素，这些色素一部分溶于水中，冲泡形成了红色茶汤。
传统功夫红茶名品有湖红、宜红、宁红、闽红、台红、祁红，其中以安徽祁门县的祁红为著名。冲泡红茶，宜用刚煮沸的水冲泡，并加以杯盖，以免香气释放，英国人普遍有饮午后茶习惯，常将祁红和印度红茶拼配，再加牛奶、砂糖饮用。在我国一些地方，也有将红茶加糖、牛奶、芝麻饮用习惯，这样既能生热暖腹，又可增添营养。
Orignal From: 音乐五行养生茶
2013年1月22日星期二
首届全球青年科学家峰会在新加坡举行
作者：胡隽欣 丁其林 来源：新华社
Orignal From: 首届全球青年科学家峰会在新加坡举行
首届全球青年科学家峰会在新加坡举行
首届全球青年科学家峰会1月20日晚在新加坡开幕，在5天的会期中，包括诺贝尔奖得主在内的15名全球顶尖科学家将和约280名青年科学家一起，探讨学术课题、分享科研经验、畅谈科学理想。
据悉，此次参会的青年科学家年龄都在35岁以下，来自于世界各地的科研机构和跨国公司。
据主办方介绍，此次峰会邀请的顶尖科学家既有诺贝尔奖得主，又有涉及计算机和数学领域的图灵奖和菲尔茨奖等各领域最高奖项得主，1996年诺贝尔物理学奖得主道格拉斯·奥谢罗夫教授在开幕主旨演讲上与青年科学家们分享了他在科研道路上的经验与体会。
Orignal From: 首届全球青年科学家峰会在新加坡举行
2013年1月18日星期五
“安倍丸”的外交航向 “中日一战论”可以休矣？
"安倍其实并不是那种铁板一块似的"死鹰"（死硬）派，根据不同"时宜"和需要，甚至可以随对手起舞，有时身段还相当柔软"
安倍的"硬货"
日本副首相兼财务相麻生太郎访缅甸，外相岸田文雄访菲律宾、新加坡、文莱和澳大利亚，几乎是两个大臣刚一返回，新任首相安倍晋三便又踏上了前往越南、泰国和印度尼西亚三国的飞机。
近年来的历任日本首相，对东盟国家的访问一般仅限于出席国际峰会时"顺访"，但安倍履新不足一月，首相和主要阁僚便接连访问了东盟十国中的七个国家，不能不说是破天荒。
1977年8月，前日本首相福田赳夫访问菲律宾时发表了包括"不做军事大国"等的对东盟外交三原则，后被称作"福田主义"（Fukuda Doctrine）。这奠定了日本战后与东南亚诸国全面和解的基础，从而成就了1980年代以日本为首、包括"四小龙"、东盟诸国及中国的"雁阵"发展模式，日本也成了东盟最信任的国家之一。
三十五年一弹指，日本高调重返东盟，着眼点却主要不在经济。在东海，日本与中国有钓鱼岛主权之争；在南海，菲律宾、越南等国也与中国有主权纷争；而缅甸政治变革迅猛，不久前刚刚解除了报禁……所有这一切，令日本重弹"以自由与繁荣强化合作"的老调。其背后，是携手"厉害共有"的国家，共同对抗经济崛起、在海洋战略上积极推进、实力持续膨胀的中国。
六年前，第一次安倍内阁时期，时任外相的麻生太郎也曾着眼于沿欧亚大陆外缘的区域，联手与日本共有价值观的国家，构筑"自由与繁荣之弧"。该构想地域更加广泛，还包括了印度、澳大利亚和新西兰。中国也本能地将其视为对自己的战略包围。
安倍此番上台伊始，牵制中国的动机如出一辙，且愈发明显：内阁决定修改民主党政府制定的《防卫计划大纲》，同时修订《中期防卫力整备计划》，旨在强化包括钓鱼岛在内的西南诸岛的离岛防卫体制，具体化能灵活应对多种事态的所谓"动态防卫力"（Dynamic Defense），其针对性十分露骨。
两个因素对安倍的外交、安保政策的形成构成了决定性影响：一是"美丽国家"论——此乃其价值内核，多年来鲜有变化；二是中国的急速抬头——这成了安倍政策出台及其版本升级的反作用力。
极而言之，与安倍上次内阁时相比，其政策"升级"的幅度，基本上相当于中国崛起的幅度。而随着中国能量的进一步辐射，"安倍丸"（假定安倍能成就比较长期的政权的话）的最终航向，很有可能是修宪：变作为"摆设"的集体自卫权为可行使的权利，拥有先发制人的交战权，改自卫队为"国防军"。从而根本摆脱战后体制，成为真正意义上的"普通国家"，一雪"战败国"之耻。凡此种种，可以说都是安倍的"硬货"。
安倍≠"死鹰派"
如果仅仅是这样，安倍就成了一般意义上的鹰派政治家。可他显然不尽如此。无论从政治光谱上，还是所属党内派系上看，安倍并不是像石原慎太郎那样的彻头彻尾的鹰派。
安倍虽然是战后被定为甲级战犯的前首相岸信介的孙子，但他的家族中还辈出过佐藤荣作（伯父）和安倍晋太郎（父亲）等政治成色比较柔和的政治家；其从属的派系是自民党内最大的实力派町村派（清和会），多系"中道保守"的力量，与铁杆鹰派有不小的距离。
事实上，他更多被看成是"战略的国际协调主义者"，或"新现实主义者"（New Realist）。所谓"新现实主义者"，据日本政治评论家、前自民党参院副干事长山本一太（Ichita Yamamoto）的研究，是近十余年来，日本政坛上出现的一种新兴政治势力。他们既非"新保守"，也不是单纯的"鹰派"，与那些一味强调实力平衡的传统现实主义者也不尽相同。他们时刻直视、追踪国际社会出现的新变化，主张某种富于战略性的现实主义外交政策。他们不会把情感因素带入外交事务，一切用理性和逻辑说事，比较强调国际协调和民主主义价值观。
就对华外交而言，日本外交界、学界历来有四种学派（或源流）说，即传统的亲中派、对中协调优先派、原教旨主义强硬派和对中战略派。"新现实主义者"与前三种泾渭分明，独钟情于第四种。
对中战略派的主要立场是：第一，不改变对"过去的错误战争"的政府公式见解；第二，对与西方民主主义"格格不入"的中国体制不抱幻想，对其急速扩张和全球化资源民族主义外交，以强化日美同盟进行对抗；第三，虽有不安和担忧，但清醒认识到两国经贸"你中有我、我中有你"的相互依存结构，接受中国经济大国化的既成事实，并理解作为战略竞争对手，两国国家利益难免有所冲突，从而力求通过外交谈判来谋求问题的解决，以期最大限度的"双赢"。
因此，从中长期的视野出发，两国只能构筑战略和强化伙伴关系，除此之外，别无他途。
正是从这种高度现实主义的战略考量出发，安倍其实并不是那种铁板一块似的"死鹰"（死硬）派，根据不同"时宜"和需要，甚至可以随对手起舞，有时身段还相当柔软。
曾几何时，因前首相小泉纯一郎的靖国参拜，中日关系陷入"政冷经热"的低谷，两国领导人完全背过脸去，双方媒体口水相向，谁都看不到出口。但2006年秋，刚刚上台的安倍排除党内阻力，毅然赴北京"融冰"，与中方领导人一道构筑中日"战略互惠"框架，取得了有目共睹的成果。
第二次安倍内阁成立后，安倍再次表达了应该让中日关系回到"战略互惠"关系的原点的意愿。那么，他是否有再次"融冰"的预案呢？
谁都无法承受"一战"的代价
在竞选阶段，安倍及其自民党以选举公约的形式提出了一些迎合选民的保守主张，诸如改自卫队为"国防军"、向钓鱼岛派驻公务员，等等。但一旦当选首相，他似乎并无意马上付诸实施，有的甚至呈现后退或收回的迹象。
以靖国参拜问题为例，选举前他曾对媒体"诚恳地"表示"上届首相任期中没能参拜，悔恨至极。这本不应该发展为外交问题"。但再次当选后，相关立场也变得暧昧起来，完全没有日程表。
七年前，他也曾对媒体信誓旦旦，但坐上相位后，却悄悄地派人以个人名义给靖国神社送了一个盆栽，以聊表心意。且事后个把月，才通报媒体。
以安倍身段之柔软，在诸如此类的问题上，他未必不会故伎重演。特别是考虑到今年夏天的参议院选举，自民党务求达成自身或执政联盟过半，从而根本改善参众两院"较劲"之现状，在此之前，走"稳健"路线几乎是唯一顺理成章的选择。安倍也断无道理以"政治正确"却大而无当、且不能当饭吃的意识形态化政治议题激怒邻国，使两国关系雪上加霜。
围绕最近钓鱼岛周边中日对峙、摩擦不断的状况，两国舆论都有一定程度的升温。但如细加考察的话，会发现两国媒体的应对其实还有相当的"温差"。
日本媒体除了《产经新闻》等个别带有某种特殊标签的媒体外，大报绝少发表关于钓鱼岛的社论，更少见头版险要位置的耸人报道。
笔者的一位友人，在日本华文媒体供职。最近，她在大陆的亲人频繁打电话让她回国，说"要打仗了"，令她哭笑不得。
毕竟日本一般的青年、市民、主妇，其实并不太关心政治，尤其是国际政治。他们在经济不景气时代，疲于生计，有限的余暇，情愿献给漫画、歌舞伎、情人和旅行。即使读报也多根据自己的喜好，选择经济、文化、美食或书评，没人成天盯着"尖阁诸岛"的消息。政治淡化始终是无从改变的现实，这点从国民，特别是年轻人的投票率统计上亦可见一斑。
此外，包括钓鱼岛主权争端在内的中日关系问题，看似是两国间的问题，但其实背后都有美国因素。而美国出于自身的经济衰退等状况，力求"维稳"，以维持现状为第一考量。
甚至诸如日本修宪等问题，因涉及美国主导的战后体制及其合法性，其实并没有那么简单，至少不是一个单纯的日本国内法律问题。这方面，最近的一个例子是，安倍试图修改以"村上谈话"和"河野洋平讲话"为代表的日方在历史问题、慰安妇问题上的政府公式表态，遭到了《纽约时报》等美国主流舆论的质疑。
在中日关系的磁力场中，美国因素不失为一种重要的平衡力，它肯定不乐见磁力场的失衡，而始终趋向"维稳"。
因此，中日"必有一战"的论调可以休矣。至少从日本方面来说，即使哪天在钓鱼岛周边区域不幸发生了擦枪走火的状况，也不应该至于发展成两国全面战争。因为，无论中国，还是日本，谁都无法承受"一战"的代价。
Orignal From: "安倍丸"的外交航向 "中日一战论"可以休矣？
2013年1月14日星期一
新GRE作文Argument提纲详细整理 含范文
新GRE作文Argument提纲/范文详细整理 英文的word版 点此下载
新GRE作文的写作要求考生在30分钟内完成一篇Issue和在另一个30分钟内完成一篇Argument，这份整理的资料是根据网络上的40几页的版本改的，然后同时补充了范文。
提示：网络上40几页版本的有两篇argument没有收入，在本文件的最后有白背景高亮提示了。请大家自己看看啊。
同时此文档是打印版本的。而且将一些不熟悉的单词已经检索好了。
大家下载了，也记得多来光顾我的小站啊。
Orignal From: 新GRE作文Argument提纲详细整理 含范文
2013年1月13日星期日
Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today. Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both
可供参考老题库54. "History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today."
历史只教会了我们一件事：了解过去无助于人们今天做出重要的决定。
Disagree
1. It is a common misconception that what happened in the past has nothing to do with present society.
2. Individually, men can learn from the experience of great figures in history.
3. In business, case studies enable business people to confront their every day challenges.
4. Admittedly, there are entirely new problems that we have to cope with on our own without any precedent in history to refer to.
时间问题之历史不是今天的一
观点：disagree，学习历史（人物、事件、经验、教训），对今天的决定有指导作用
1． 在作出某些重大决定时历史给了我们很大的帮助，无论从哪个角度来说（个人的角度、从社会的角度、科学角度）
2.1 At the individual level，我们的决定往往会受历史人物及故事的影响
例：a student inspired by the courage and tenacity of history's great explorers might decide as a result to pursue a career in archeology, oceanography, or astronomy；林肯（Abraham Lincoln）的奋斗经历会激励我们不向命运低头，通过奋斗改变兹己的命运；哥白尼（Copernicus）同学故事告诉我们要勇于质疑别人的理论，并坚持自己的想法；达尔文（C·R·Darwin）放弃学医从而创立了生物进化论（The Origin of Species），告诉我们"兴趣是最好的老师"
2． At the nation level，从历史中吸取经验和教训。
例：三次经济危机的爆发告诉我们，资本主义（capitalism）的市场经济（market economy）也需要政府的调控；中国建国初期的发展历史告诉我们，社会主义（socialism、social democracy）的计划经济（planned economy）同样需要借鉴资本主义的市场经济；
3． 从科学技术的发展来看，现在的成就无不是建立在前人的成就之上的。
例：没有开普勒（Johannes Kepler）的三大定律，就没有今天的航空；没有列文虎克（Antoni van Leeuwenhoek）的发现，就没有我们今天的显微镜；牛顿在微分领域的贡献，我们至
今还在应用。
可供参考老题库221. "The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."
研究历史最大的好处就是打破了这种假象：不同时代的人们之间基本上是完全不同的。
1.I agree with the statement insofar as through the earnest study of human history we learn that basic human nature—our desires and motives, as well as our fears and foibles—has remained constant over recorded time.
2. However beneficial it might be to appreciate the unchanging nature of humankind, it is equally beneficial to understand and appreciate significant differences between peoples of different time periods—in terms of cultural mores, customs, values and ideals.
3. Another problem with the statement is that it undervalues other, equally important benefits of studying history.
观点：disagree，某些方面没有大差别；但有些方面差别很大；忽略了历史研究的其他好处
1．Admittedly，不同时期的人在某些方面是相似的
1.1 basic human nature consisting of desires, motives, fear, and etc. have remained constant over recorded time.(对爱情的渴望，和平稳定的追求，未知世界的探索等)
1.2 学习历史，借鉴前人的做法
2．However，在很多方面不同时期的人存在很大差别
1.1 生活、学习方式有很大变化
1.2 面临的问题也不同，环境污染、资源匮乏、核武器问题、人口过剩
3．Moreover，作者忽略了历史研究的其他好处：研究历史对现在的作用
TS：同意作者的观点。
1.由于科技以及对很多phenomena的本质的认识不同，给人们一种很大的假象，即不同时代的人完全不同。
下面展开造成这种假象的原因。（对历史的不懈，怎认为几天的人要比前人聪明，如我们知道地球是圆的，古代人不知道，其实这不是聪明，只是知识的积累不同，人类的知识积累是矩阵式的[个人观点，仅供参考，文科的这条略过]）
2.不同时代的人是有很大相同点的。（如，前人的经验我们可以借鉴，"孙子兵法"Art of War，孔子的教学理念Confucius ，因材施教Teach according to his ability ）
TS，所以研究历史，从历史中了解事实，以及学习起精髓很有必要，试想一下，当我们抛开前人的科技与经验，我们与不同时代的人还有什么差别吗？
可供参考老题库103 "The study of history has only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives"历史的研究价值只体现在这种研究和我们的日常生活相关时。（89＋7）
1. To begin with, learning about great human achievements of the past provides inspiration.
2. In addition, mistakes of the past can teach us as a society how to avoid repeating those mistakes.
3. Studying human history can also help us understand and appreciate the mores, values, and ideals of past cultures.
4. Appreciating history can serve to elevate our everyday chores to richer, more interesting, and more enjoyable experience.
历史研究
观点：disagree，与日常生活有关，但远不止日常生活，涉及其他方面
1．Admittedly，在日常生活中常常受到历史的影响，从历史中受到鼓舞及吸取经验教训
例：a student inspired by the courage and tenacity of history's great explorers might decide as a result to pursue a career in archeology, oceanography, or astronomy；林肯（Abraham Lincoln）的奋斗经历会激励那些不幸的人不向命运低头，通过奋斗改变自己的命运；哥白尼（Copernicus）同学的故事告诉我们要勇于质疑别人的理论，并坚持自己的想法；达尔文（C·R·Darwin）放弃学医从而创立了生物进化论（The Origin of Species），告诉我们"兴趣是最好的老师"；居里夫人Madame Curie对于科学的执著
2．However，在社会发展与国家决策方面，虽然与日常生活无关，依然能从历史中吸取经验和教训
例：三次经济危机的爆发告诉我们，资本主义（capitalism）的市场经济（market economy）也需要政府的调控；中国建国初期的发展历史告诉我们，社会主义（socialism、social democracy）的计划经济（planned economy）同样需要借鉴资本主义的市场经济；
3．有些历史事件表面上看来与现代社会无关，但是本质上，都是人类社会发展中的各个台阶，应当符合历史发展的客观规律。研究这些有助于人们了解人类历史的发展规律，了解生产关系与社会的关系，对先进也有指导作用
不同意
The speaker alleges。。。only insofar as。。。I find this allegation to be specious。。。It wrongly suggests。。。To the contrary,。。。
studying historical examples of courage in the face of adversity can provide motivation to face their own personal fears in life
1． 历史让个人明白社会变化：
History is indispensable to understanding why such changes occur.
Once we determine when the trend began, we can try to identify which of the factors present at the time combined to set the trend in motion.
A purely contemporary analysis may shed some light on the problem, but a historical assessment is clearly fundamental—and essential for anyone concerned about …
History as art and entertainment serves a real purpose, on aesthetic grounds but also on the level of human understanding. Stories well done are stories that reveal how people and societies have actually functioned, and they prompt thoughts about he human experience in other times and places. The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility.
比如：high-art 艺术家，知道了Van Gogh后就明白坚持艺术要孤独要艰辛
Require strong belief, persistence, and the ability to bear loneliness and misunderstanding.
Van Gogh, two of whose still life paintings have recently broken all records in selling for $50 million, sold only one of his paintings in his entire career.
Yet, an ever-lengthening honor roll distinguishes works first received as unacceptable by resistant audiences.
2． 错过的不要再错：to avoid repeating those mistakes.
比如：二战 世界混乱，经济depression, 人们苦难suffer，进步停滞impede development 知道和平的珍贵，stability and peace，treasure
范文例子：
The nuclear accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl have been studied to ensure that they do not happen again. Certainly the study of the effects of nuclear materials on humans and the environment provides value beyond that of the day-to-day life of people. The study of oil spills and their effects on the environment gives similar guidance on how to avoid or at least minimize the damage of an oil spill on the environment. The study of the disintegration of the ozone layer over the poles of the earth has given birth to new laws and regulations on certain chemicals that help to preserve this valuable part of our atmosphere.
All of these examples of studying history provide value far beyond its impact on the daily lives of people.
3． 宝贵遗产，至今适用：precious historical heritage
History also provides a terrain for moral contemplation.
比如：孔子的话"two heads are better than one" "know is know…"
Socrates : Genuine education, as Socrates knew more than two thousand years ago, is not inserting the stuffing of information into a person, but rather eliciting knowledge from him; it is drawing out of what is in the mind.
孙子兵法From the ancient Chinese author Sun Tzu's book "The Art of War", today's military commanders and even business leaders gather valuable information that allows them to operate more efficiently and effectively.
4． 对国家忠诚：histories that tell the national story, emphasizing distinctive features of the national experience, are meant to drive home an understanding of national values and a commitment to national loyalty.
比如：美国独立战争
总结：不仅明白，而且提高修养
Helps us understand how recent, current, and prospective changes that affect the lives of citizens are emerging or may emerge and what causes are involved
Lift spirits.
In sum, the speaker fails to recognize that in all our activities and decisions--from our grandest to our most rote--history can inspire, inform, guide, and nurture. In the final analysis, to study history is to gain the capacity to be more human--and I would be hard-pressed to imagine a worthier end.
另一开头：To state … is to ignore the value …It would seem to be a rather shallow statement that implies … only …rather than …
可供参考老题库120 "So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present."
现代生活是崭新、复杂的，认知过去对现在没有知道价值
Even though history offers few foolproof panaceas for living today, the author's claim that today's world is so unique that the past is irrelevant is too radical.
1. Admittedly, history has helped us learn the appropriateness of addressing certain social issues, particularly moral ones, on a societal level.
2. However, the only firm lesson from history about social ills is that they are here to stay.
现在和过去
观点：disagree，虽然现代生活新鲜、复杂，但认知过去仍具有价值
1． Admittedly，现代社会发展迅速，知识更新快，要求我们不断学习新的知识。
例：计算机、互联网的发展，使得无论从事什么行业都要懂得操作计算机。
2． However，对过去的研究和学习对个人及社会发展的作用不能忽略。In contrast，为了现在的学习和发展，应该更为重视过去的经验和教训。
2.1 At the individual level，从历史中受到鼓舞及吸取经验教训。
例：a student inspired by the courage and tenacity of history's great explorers might decide as a result to pursue a career in archeology, oceanography, or astronomy；林肯（Abraham Lincoln）的奋斗经历会激励那些不幸的人不向命运低头，通过奋斗改变自己的命运；哥白尼（Copernicus）同学的故事告诉我们要勇于质疑别人的理论，并坚持自己的想法；达尔文（C·R·Darwin）放弃学医从而创立了生物进化论（The Origin of Species），告诉我们"兴趣是最好的老师"；居里夫人Madame Curie对于科学的执著
3． At the nation level，在社会发展与国家决策方面，依然能从历史中吸取经验和教训
例：三次经济危机的爆发告诉我们，资本主义（capitalism）的市场经济（market economy）也需要政府的调控；中国建国初期的发展历史告诉我们，社会主义（socialism、social democracy）的计划经济（planned economy）同样需要借鉴资本主义的市场经济；
老题库125 "The past is no predictor of the future"过去不能预示未来
观点：agree 过去不能预示未来，但通过研究和学习过去，可以使事情沿我们期望的好的方向发展
1．Admittedly，将来会发生什么是很难预测的无论是过去还是现在。
例：100年前不会想到，计算机的发明、互联网的普及使世界变成地球村，人类可以在其他星球上漫步
2．However，对过去的研究和学习可以影响我们的未来。At the individual level，一个人的决定及未来往往会受历史人物及故事的影响
3．At the nation level，通过从历史中吸取经验和教训，在社会发展与国家决策方面避免犯同样的错误并向好的方向发展
范文：
The speaker alleges that studying history is valuable only insofar as it is relevant to our daily lives. I find this allegation to be specious. It wrongly suggests that history is not otherwise instructive and that its relevance to our everyday lives is limited. To the contrary, studying history provides inspiration, innumerable lessons for living, and useful value-clarification and perspective---all of which help us decide how to live our lives.
To begin with, learning about great human achievements of the past provides inspiration. For example, a student inspired by the courage and tenacity of history's great explorers might decide as a result to pursue a career in archeology, oceanography, or astronomy. This decision can, in turn, profoundly affect that student's everyday life--in school and beyond. Even for students not inclined to pursue these sorts of careers, studying historical examples of courage in the face of adversity can provide motivation to face their own personal fears in life. In short, learning about grand accomplishments of the past can help us get through the everyday business of living, whatever that business might be, by emboldening us and lifting our spirits.
In addition, mistakes of the past can teach us as a society how to avoid repeating those mistakes. For example, history can teach us the inappropriateness of addressing certain social issues, particularly moral ones, on a societal level. Attempts to legislate morality invariably fail, as aptly illustrated by the Prohibition experiment in the U.S. during the 1930s. Hopefully, as a society we can apply this lesson by adopting a more enlightened legislative approach toward such issues as free speech, criminalization of drug use, criminal justice, and equal rights under the law.
Studying human history can also help us understand and appreciate the mores, values, and ideals of past cultures. A heightened awareness of cultural evolution, in turn, helps us formulate informed and reflective values and ideals for ourselves. Based on these values and ideals, students can determine their authentic life path as well as how they should allot their time and interact with others on a day-to-day basis.
Finally, it might be tempting to imply from the speaker's allegation that studying history has little relevance even for the mundane chores that occupy so much of our time each day, and therefore is of little value. However, from history we learn not to take everyday activities and things for granted. By understanding the history of money and banking we can transform an otherwise routine trip to the bank into an enlightened experience, or a visit to the grocery store into an homage to the many inventors, scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs of the past who have made such convenience possible today. And, we can fully appreciate our freedom to go about our daily lives largely as we choose only by understanding our political heritage. In short, appreciating history can serve to elevate our everyday chores to richer, more interesting, and more enjoyable experiences. In sum, the speaker fails to recognize that in all our activities and decisions--from our grandest to our most rote--history can inspire, inform, guide, and nurture. In the final analysis, to study history is to gain the capacity to be more human--and I would be hard- pressed to imagine a worthier end.
The speaker claims that since so much in today's world is new and complex the past provides little guidance for living in the present. I agree with this assertion insofar as history offers few foolproof panaceas for living today. However, I disagree with the speaker's claim that today's world is so unique that the past is irrelevant. One good example that supports my dual position is the way society has dealt with its pressing social problems over time.
Admittedly, history has helped us learn the appropriateness of addressing certain social issues, particularly moral ones, on a societal level. Attempts to legislate morality invariably fail, as illustrated by Prohibition in the 1930s and, more recently, failed federal legislation to regulate access to adult material via the Internet. We are slowly learning this lesson, as the recent trend toward legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes and the recognition of equal rights for same-sex partners both demonstrate.
However, the only firm lesson from history about social ills is that they are here to stay. Crime and violence, for example, have troubled almost every society. All manner of reform, prevention, and punishment have been tried. Today, the trend appears to be away from reform toward a "tough-on-crime" approach. Is this because history makes clear that punishment is the most effective means of eliminating crime? No; rather, the trend merely reflects our current mores, attitudes, and political climate.
Another example involves how we deal with the mentally-iii segment of the population. History reveals that neither quarantine, treatment, nor accommodation solves the problem, only that each approach comes with its own trade-offs. Also undermining the assertion that history helps us to solve social problems is the fact that, despite the civil-fights efforts of Martin Luther King and his progenies, the cultural gap today between African-Americans and white Americans seems to be widening. It seems that racial prejudice is a timeless phenomenon.
To sum up, in terms of how to live together as a society I agree that studying the past is of some value; for example, it helps us appreciate the futility of legislating morality. However, history's primary sociological lesson seems to be that today's social problems are as old as society itself, and that there are no panaceas or prescriptions for solving these problems---only alternate ways of coping with them.
Orignal From: Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today. Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both
When old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings
当现代规划者认为历史建筑物所在地可以用作现代开发时，相比历史建筑的保护，现代开发应该放在首位。
可供参考老题库26. "Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served."
大多数人都同意一个社会的建筑物代表了它有价值的历史纪录，但是当现代规划者们觉得这些以前的建筑物所占据的土地可以被更有价值的使用于新目的时，就产生了争议，现代发展应该比保留历史建筑物更受重视以便于满足眼下的需求。
Which interest should take precedence should be determined on a case-by-case basis--and should account not only for practical and historic considerations but also aesthetic ones.
1. In determining whether to raze an older building, planners should of course consider the community's current and anticipated utilitarian needs.
2. Competing with a community's utilitarian needs is an interest preserving the historical record, the weight of which should also be determined on a case-by-case basic.
3. Also competing with a community's utilitarian needs is the aesthetic and architectural value of the building itself—apart from historical events with which it might be associated.
过去和现在之建筑物
观点：disagree
1． 历史建筑具有重要的历史价值，是一个国家或地区的文化艺术等的体现。
2.1 一个建筑代表了一段历史
2.2 一个建筑代表了一种文化
2.3 建筑本身就是一种艺术，代表了某种独特的建筑风格
2． 历史建筑增加了一个城市的魅力，是这个城市的财富。
2.1 代表了一个地区的历史文化
2.2 旅游带来了经济
3．当历史建筑的保护与现代城市发展规划冲突时，可以采取其他更好的解决方法。
3.1 maintain or incorporate traditional architectural style and function into future developments, as is being done in Rome
3.2 整体移动历史建筑
范文：
The speaker asserts that wherever a practical, utilitarian need for new buildings arises this need should take precedence over our conflicting interest in preserving historic buildings as a record of our past. In my view, however, which interest should take precedence should be determined on a case-by-case basis--and should account not only for practical and historic considerations but also aesthetic ones.
In determining whether to raze an older building, planners should of course consider the community's current and anticipated utilitarian needs. For example, if an additional hospital is needed to adequately serve the health-care needs of a fast-growing community, this compelling interest might very well outweigh any interest in preserving a historic building that sits on the proposed site. Or if additional parking is needed to ensure the economic survival of a city's downtown district, this interest might take precedence over the historic value of an old structure that stands in the way of a parking structure. On the other hand, if the need is mainly for more office space, in some cases an architecturally appropriate add-on or annex to an older building might serve just as well as razing the old building to make way for a new one. Of course, an expensive retrofit might not be worthwhile if no amount of retrofitting would meet the need.
Competing with a community's utilitarian needs is an interest preserving the historical record. Again, the weight of this interest should be determined on a case-by-case basis. Perhaps an older building uniquely represents a bygone era, or once played a central role in the city's history as a municipal structure. Or perhaps the building once served as the home of a founding family or other significant historical figure, or as the location of an important historical event. Any of these scenarios might justify saving the building at the expense of the practical needs of the community. On the other hand, if several older buildings represent the same historical era just as effectively, or if the building's history is an unremarkable one, then the historic value of the building might pale in comparison to the value of a new structure that meets a compelling practical need.
Also competing with a community's utilitarian needs is the aesthetic and architectural value of the building itself--apart from historical events with which it might be associated. A building might be one of only a few that represents a certain architectural style. Or it might be especially beautiful, perhaps as a result of the craftsmanship and materials employed in its construction--which might be cost-prohibitive to replicate today. Even retrofitting the building to accommodate current needs might undermine its aesthetic as well as historic value, by altering its appearance and architectural integrity. Of course it is difficult to quantify aesthetic value and weigh it against utilitarian considerations. Yet planners should strive to account for aesthetic value nonetheless.
In sum, whether to raze an older building in order to construct a new one should never be determined indiscriminately. Instead, planners should make such decisions on a case-by-case basis, weighing the community's practical needs against the building's historic and aesthetic value.
Qingdao; also known in the west by its postal map spelling Tsingtao, is a major city in eastern Shangdong province, Eastern China. In 1897, German troops seized and occupied the Qingdao. Japan re-occupied Qingdao in 1938 with its plans of territorial expansion onto China's coast. On 2 June 1949 the CCP-led Red Army entered Qingdao and the city and province have been under PRC control since that time.
Upon gaining control of the area, the Germans outfitted the impoverished fishing village of "Tsingtao" (Qingdao) with wide streets, solid housing areas, government buildings, electrification throughout, a sewer system and a safe drinking water supply, a rarity in large parts of Asia at that time and later.
Qingdao Railway Station was founded in January 1900, was completed in the fall of 1901. German Wei Erle, and Gede Scholz design. The classic architecture of the German occupation.
青岛火车站始建于1900年1月，竣工于1901年秋。德国人魏尔勒和格德尔茨设计。是德占时期的经典建筑。2008年奥运会，由铁道部和青岛市共同投资新建青岛客站。主题钟楼保留原设计风格。
In 2008, a new, jointly invested by the Ministry of Railways and the Qingdao local government, Qingdao Station.The theme of clock tower retain the original design style.
Orignal From: When old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings
The main benefit of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now are significantly different from people who lived in earlier times
（老题库221）
研究历史的最大益处在于打破这样的幻想：现代人和历史上的人有很大不同。
1. I agree with the statement insofar as through the earnest study of human history we learn that basic human nature—our desires and motives, as well as our fears and foibles—has remained constant over recorded time.
2. However beneficial it might be to appreciate the unchanging nature of humankind, it is equally beneficial to understand and appreciate significant differences between peoples of different time periods—in terms of cultural mores, customs, values and ideals.
3. Another problem with the statement is that it undervalues other, equally important benefits of studying history.
观点：disagree，某些方面没有大差别；但有些方面差别很大；忽略了历史研究的其他好处
1．Admittedly，不同时期的人在某些方面是相似的
1.1 basic human nature consisting of desires, motives, fear, and etc. have remained constant over recorded time.(对爱情的渴望，和平稳定的追求，未知世界的探索等)
1.2 学习历史，借鉴前人的做法
2．However，在很多方面不同时期的人存在很大差别
1.1 生活、学习方式有很大变化
1.2 面临的问题也不同，环境污染、资源匮乏、核武器问题、人口过剩
3．Moreover，作者忽略了历史研究的其他好处：研究历史对现在的作用
范文：
I concede that basic human nature has not changed over recorded history, and that coming to appreciate this fact by studying history can be beneficial in how we live as a society. However, I disagree with the statement in two respects. First, in other ways there are marked differences between people of different time periods, and learning about those differences can be just as beneficial. Second, studying history carries other equally important benefits as well.
I agree with the statement insofar as through the earnest study of human history we learn that basic human nature---our desires and motives, as well as our fears and foibles---has remained constant over recorded time. And through this realization we can benefit as a society in dealing more effectively with our enduring social problems. History teaches us, for example, that it is a mistake to attempt to legislate morality, because humans by nature resist having their moral choices forced upon them. History also teaches us that our major social ills are here to stay, because they spring from human nature. For instance, crime and violence have troubled almost every society; all manner of reform, prevention, and punishment have been tried with only partial success. Today, the trend appears to be away from reform toward a "tough-on-crime" approach, to no avail.
However beneficial it might be to appreciate the unchanging nature of humankind, it is equally beneficial to understand and appreciate significant differences between peoples of different time periods----in terms of cultural mores, customs, values, and ideals. For example, the ways in which societies have treated women, ethnic minorities, animals, and the environment have confin, mlly evolved over the course of human history. Society's attitudes toward artistic expression, literature, and scientific and intellectual inquiry are also in a continual state of evolution. And, perhaps the most significant sort of cultural evolution involves spiritual beliefs, which have always spun themselves out, albeit uneasily, through clashes between established traditions and more enlightened viewpoints. A heightened awareness of all these aspects of cultural evolution help us formulate informed, reflective, and enlightened values and ideals for ourselves; and our society dearly benefits as a result.
Another problem with the statement is that it undervalues other, equally important benefits of studying history. Learnmgabout the courage and tenacity of history's great explorers, leaders, and other achievers inspires us to similar accomplishments, or at least to face own fears as we travel through life. Learning about the mistakes of past societies helps us avoid repeating them. For instance, the world is slowly coming to learn by studying history that political states whose authority stems from suppression of individual freedoms invariably fall of their own oppressive weight. And, learning about one's cultural heritage, or roots, fosters a healthy sense of self and cultivates an interest in preserving art, literature, and other cultural artifacts--all of which serve to enrich society.
To sum up, history informs us that basic human nature has not changed, and this history lesson can help us understand and be more tolerant of one another, as well as develop compassionate responses to the problems and failings of others. Yet, history has other lessons to offer us as well. It helps us formulate informed values and ideals for ourselves, inspires us to great achievements, points out mistakes to avoid, and helps us appreciate our cultural heritage.
Orignal From: The main benefit of the study of history is to dispel the illusion that people living now are significantly different from people who lived in earlier times
In order for any work of art—for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people
若是任何艺术作品（例如，电影、文学、雕塑或者歌曲）存在价值，都必须易于大多数人理解。（老218）
1. First consider musical art form. It would be absurd to assert that the objective of music is to challenge the listener's knowledge of music theory. In fact, listening to music is simply an encounter—an experience to be accepted at face value for its aural impact on our spirit and our emotions.
2. Next consider the art forms of painting and sculpture. If the test for meritorious art were its ability to be clearly understood by every observer, then our most valuable art would simply imitate the mundane physical world around us.
3. Finally, consider art forms such as poetry, song, and prose, in certain cases stanzas and verses need not be "understood" to have merit, as much as they need be experienced for the images and emotions they evoke.
少数和多数之艺术价值
艺术作品要有价值，不管是电影、文学还是歌曲，都必须让大多数人能够理解。From kito
Begin: Though the speaker's assertion may have merit, in my opinion, it unfairly generalizes about art.艺术作品的价值与大多数人是否理解是没有关系的，
1. 一个艺术作品只要是作者的真实情感、感受、想法的表达，那它就是有价值的。According to what Freud has said（and I paraphrased） art, in essence, is a kind of release of individual lust, converting the human libido into plentiful creativity. It is through the work of art that artists express their passions, emotions, and desires. From this we can see, art is therefore, first and foremost, concerning with the inner world rather than with the outside one as a whole.
2. 艺术作品不一定需要人们的理解。一方面：因为人们的知识有限，也不是每个人都是心理学家，所以不可能完全揣摸出艺术作品所代表的作者的真实想法，但是只要能够欣赏就足够了。比如：对于某些音乐作品，只要我们听到以后感到很美或者心灵受到撞击，那它就是有价值的。如有些诗，我们不能体会作者的真实意思，但是我们感受得到诗中作者的感情和情趣；另一方面：艺术作品正是因为不容易被理解，才有了见仁见智的感受，才给人想象力，才full of humor and wit,才有价值；"一千个人眼中就有一千个哈姆雷特" hamlet，你能说有谁真正读懂了莎士比亚么？（Shakespeare）,但这不影响hamlet to be a noted masterpiece.
3. 一个艺术作品如果不是忠于作者的真实想法，而是为了迎合观众或者让大多数人理解，or was shaped by most people's opinion. 那它就很难有长久的价值。比如很多无聊的商业片，虽然被大多数人欢迎，但却不被评论家看好，很快就会被大家遗忘。
End: In sum, the merit of art has little bearing on whether most people understand it. 只要一个艺术作品只要是作者的真实情感、想法的表达，是作者创作灵感的真实体现，那它就是有价值的。
范文：
The speaker's assertion that art must be widely understood to have merit is wrongheaded. The speaker misunderstands the final objective of art, which has little to do with cognitive "understanding."
First consider the musical art form. The fact that the listener must "understand" the composer's artistic expression without the benefit of words or visual images forces us to ask: "What is there to understand in the first place?" Of course, the listener can always struggle to appreciate how the musical piece employs various harmonic, melodic, and rhythmic principles.
Yet it would be absurd to assert that the objective of music is to challenge the listener's knowledge of music theory. In fact, listening to music is simply an encounter--an experience to be accepted at face value for its aural impact on our spirit and our emotions.
Next consider the art forms of painting and sculpture. In the context of these art forms, the speaker seems to suggest that ifwe cannot all understand what the work is supposed to represent, then we should dismiss the work as worthless. Again, however, the speaker misses the point of art. Only by provoking and challenging us, and inciting our emotions, imagination, and wonder do paintings and sculpture hold merit. Put another way, if the test for meritorious art were its ability to be dearly understood by every observer, then our most valuable art would simply imitate the mundane physical world around us. A Polaroid picture taken by a monkey would be considered great art, while the abstract works of Pollock and Picasso would be worth no more than the salvage value of the materials used to create them.
Finally, consider art forms such as poetry, song, and prose, where the use of language is part-and-parcel of the art. It is easy to assume that where words are involved they must be strung together in understandable phrases in order for the art to have any merit. Moreover, if the writer-artist resorts exclusively to obscure words that people simply do not know, then the art can convey nothing beyond the alliterative or onomatopoeic impact that the words might have when uttered aloud. However, in poetry and song the writer-artist often uses words as imagery--to conjure up feelings and evoke visceral reactions in the reader or listener. In these cases stanzas and verses need not be "understood" to have merit, as much as they need be experienced for the images and emotions they evoke.
When it comes to prose, admittedly the writer-artist must use words to convey cognitive ideas--for example, to help the reader follow the plot of a novel. In these cases the art must truly be "understood" on a Linguistic and cognitive level; otherwise it is mere gibberish without merit except perhaps as a doorstop. Nevertheless, the final objective even of literature is to move the reader emotionally and spiritually--not simply to inform. Thus, even though a reader might understand the twists and turns of a novel's plot intellectually, what's the point if the reader has come away unaffected in emotion or spirit?
In the final analysis, whether art must be understood by most people, or by any person, in order for it to have merit begs the question. To "understand" art a person need only have eyes to see or ears to hear, and a soul to feel.
Orignal From: In order for any work of art—for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people
Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed
当有公民为饥饿和失业所困时，政府需要中止对艺术的资助。
老题库190. "As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate--and, perhaps, even cruel--when one considers all the potential uses of such money."
一旦人们陷于饥饿、失业或者缺乏谋生的基本技能，运用公共资源去扶持艺术是很不恰当的----并且甚至是残忍的----尤其明知这些资金所有可能的用途。
1. The implicit rationale behind the speaker's statement seems to be that cultural enrichment pales in importance compared to food, clothing, and shelter.
2. It might also be tempting to agree with the speaker on the basis that arts patronage is neither an appropriate nor a necessary function of government.
3. On the other hand are compelling arguments that public support for the art is desirable, whether or not unemployment and hunger have been eliminated. One such argument is that by allocating public resources to the arts, we actually help
4. A second argument against the speaker's position has to do with the function and ultimate objectives of art.
Begin：承认要政府应该适度的选择去支持艺术的发展，但是我们也要明白上面提高的一些社会问题是永远不会彻底消失的，我们不能完全不去支持艺术。
1． 承认政府必须把一些公共资源着重于解决那些紧急的社会问题。 如果国内发生了重大的自然灾害，比如洪水，成千上万的人流离失所，比如发生饥荒，很多人都没有饭吃，国内经济通货膨胀那样，如果在这种场合下，还想着花很大的精力支持艺术的发展，是违背政府的主要职责的，这种场合下，设及很多人的生命，很有可能社会发生巨大动乱，甚至这个国家维持下去都是很困难的。
2． 但是我们要明白艺术也是需要支持。因为艺术的发展没有很强的市场规律，并不是所有有天赋的艺术家都能赢得与天赋相关的舒适生活，甚至正常生活都有问题，但是他们能为社会创造永恒的价值。比如 Samuel Johnson 为了写作那本著名的 a dictionary of the English language ，四处乞求经济支持，最后被很多人拒绝了，特别是Lord chesterfield ,最后他多花了比预计的时间多了5年的时间完成了。但是如果他能够得到适当的支持，那么完成时间可以大大缩短。有时候，必要的经济支持，会给艺术的发展带来巨大的推力，因此也能对整个人类文明也是有巨大作用的。
3． 有时艺术也可以帮助解决社会问题。第一：艺术作品可以给人精神动力，比如革命时期的一些鼓舞人心的歌曲、小说。第二：艺术也可以帮助那些饥饿、失业或者缺乏谋生的基本技能的人，比如通过慈善晚会号召大家捐款等等，SARS时期、地震时都会有这样的活动。
End：最后，我们要明白社会问题和艺术都很重要，我们要优先把资源用来解决紧急的社会问题，但是社会问题永远是不会消失，不能为了无止境的社会问题，忽视了对人类有长远意义的艺术的支持。
范文：
The speaker asserts that using public resources to support the arts is unjustifiable in a society where some people go without food, jobs, and basic survival skills. It might be tempting to agree with the speaker on the basis that art is not a fundamental human need, and that government is not entirely trustworthy when it comes to its motives and methods. However, the speaker overlooks certain economic and other societal benefits that accrue when government assumes an active role in supporting the arts.
The implicit rationale behind the speaker's statement seems to be that cultural enrichment pales in importance compared to food, clothing, and shelter. That the latter needs are more fundamental is indisputable; after all, what starving person would prefer a good painting to even a bad meal? Accordingly, I concede that when it comes to the use of public resources it is entirely appropriate to assign a lower priority to the arts than to these other pressing social problems. Yet, to postpone public arts funding until we completely eliminate unemployment and hunger would be to postpone arts funding forever; any informed person who believes otherwise is envisioning a pure socialist state where the government provides for all of its citizens' needs--a vision which amounts to fantasy.
It might also be tempting to agree with the speaker on the basis that arts patronage is neither an appropriate nor a necessary funcuon of government. This argument has considerable merit, in three respects. First, it seems ill-conceived to relegate decision and choices about arts funding to a handful of bureaucrats, who are likely to decide based on their own quirky notions about art, and whose decisions might be susceptible to influence-peddling. Second, private charity and philanthropy appear to be alive and well today. For example, year after year the Public Broadcasting System is able to survive, and even thrive, on donations from private foundations and individuals. Third, government funding requires tax dollars from our pockets--leaving us with less disposable dollars with which to support the arts directly and more efficiently than any bureaucracy ever could.
On the other hand are two compelling arguments that public support for the arts is desirable, whether or not unemployment and hunger have been eliminated. One such argument is that by allocating public resources to the arts we actually help to solve these social problems. Consider Canada's film industry, which is heavily subsidized by the Canadian government, and which provides countless jobs for film-industry workers as a result. The Canadian government also provides various incentives for American productoion companies to f~n and produce their movies in Canada. These incentives have sparked a boon for the Canadian economy, thereby sumulating job growth and wealth that can be applied toward education, job training, and social programs. The Canadian example is proof that public arts support can help solve the kinds of social problems with which the speaker is concerned.
A second argument against the speaker's position has to do with the function and ultimate objectives of art. Art serves to lift the human spirit and to put us more in touch with our feelings, foibles, and fate in short, with our own humanity. With a heightened sensitivity to the human condition, we become more others-oriented, less self-centered, more giving of ourselves. In other words, we become a more charitable society--more willing to give to those less fortunate than ourselves in the ways with which the speaker is concerned. The speaker might argue, of course, that we do a disservice to others when we lend a helping hand by enabling them to depend on us to survive. However, at the heart of this specious argument lies a certain coldness and lack of compassion that, in my view, any society should seek to discourage. Besides, the argument leads inexorably to certain political, philosophical, and moral issues that this brief essay cannot begin to address.
In the final analysis, the beneficiaries of public arts funding are not limited to the elitists who stroll through big-city museums and attend symphonies and gallery openings, as the speaker might have us believe. Public resources allocated to the arts create jobs for artists and others whose livelihood depends on a vibrant, rich culture--just the sort of culture that breeds charitable concern for the hungry, the helpless, and the hapless.
Orignal From: Nations should suspend government funding for the arts when significant numbers of their citizens are hungry or unemployed
It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero
当今任何社会已经不再可能将任何在世的人标榜为英雄人物。
Agree
1. In order to maximize profits the media are simply giving the public what they demand—scrutiny of heroic public figures that serves to diminish their reputation.
2. Intense media scrutiny raises a presumption, at least in public's collective mind, that their hero is guilty of some sort of character flaw or misdeed.
Begin: 承认当今的媒体关注的范围越来越大，很多私人的事情也被曝光，但是我们必须承认真正的英雄不管媒体如何报道，都还是会赢得人们尊重的。
1. 当今的媒体铺天盖地，如今的hero很少有自己的隐私，的确有因为报道而名声扫地的"hero"。When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy. MIT副教授卢克·范·帕里耶斯（LukVanParijs）编造、修改科研数据以及杜撰合作者姓名，最终被发现报道，并被校方开除。可以说，媒体在监督英雄方面的确起到了积极的作用。
Luk Van Parijs, a former associate professor of biology at MIT, once was considered as a rising star in the fields of immunology and RNA interference. However, this high-flying researcher has been fired from MIT for fabricating data in a published scientific paper, in unpublished manuscripts, and in grant applications, which was dicovered by the media,
2. 真正的英雄(Turning back to the real hero)，不管媒体怎样窥视他们私人生活 pry about ，他们还是一样受人们尊重。一方面真正出色的人，在私人时间，也是非常常规的生活——看书，休息，运动——让媒体没有可乘之机，做事保持很高的道德水准。另一方面是他们的出色成就让他们的所谓的错误行为那么微不足道，比如罗斯福，他也有EX- marital scandal ，但是这些行为比起他的成就——走出大萧条，领导二战取得胜利，他是公认的20世纪最伟大的总统，人们及使知道丑闻，但是仍然和以前一样尊敬他。所以真正的英雄，仍然有很高的声誉，不管媒体怎样报道。
3. 再者，媒体并没有阻碍甚至抹杀英雄的存在，在当代也有很多的英雄。首先，在当今技术飞速发展的时代，人们比过去更渴望英雄，我们的经验告诉我们，媒体时代不光没有消灭英雄，而且更多的英雄层出不穷after the incredible tragedy that happened in the September 11, 2001, thousand of firefighters and policeman work in the World Trade Center for the sake of saving most victims. 过去只有做了很大贡献的人才会得到宣传，但如今一个见义勇为的抓小偷的都马上被宣传了。此外，因为媒体的不受约束，它可以揭露罪恶，对抗恶势力，让真正的英雄得以暴露出来。
End：In sum, to broadly state that media scrutiny will diminish anyone's reputation exaggerates the negative factor of the media; we should not lose our sight on the fact that media could also serve to create heroes。Moreover，真正伟大的人，也是不会受此影响的。
范文：
In general, I agree with the assertion that intense media scrutiny nearly always serves to diminish the reputation of society's would-be heroes, for the chief reason that it seems to be the nature of media to look for ways to demean public figures whether heroic or not. Moreover, while in isolated cases our so-called heroes have vindicated themselves and restored their reputations diminished by the media, in my observation these are exceptional cases to the general rule that once slandered, the reputation of any public figure, hero or otherwise, is forever tarnished.
The chief reason why I generally agree with the statement has to do with the forces that motivate the media in the first place. The media generally consist of profit-seeking entities, whose chief objective is to maximize profits for their shareholders or other owners. Moreover, our corporate culture has sanctioned this objective by codifying it as a fiduciary obligation of any corporate executive. For better or worse, in our society media viewers, readers, and listeners find information about the misfortunes and misdeeds of others, especially heroic public figures, far more compelling than information about their virtues and accomplishments. In short, we love a good scandal. One need look no further than the newsstand, local television news broadcast, or talk show to find ample evidence that this is the case. Thus in order to maximize profits the media are simply giving the public what they demand scrutiny of heroic public figures that serves to diminish their reputation.
A second reason why I fundamentally agree with the statement is that, again for better or worse, intense media scrutiny raises a presumption, at least in the public's collective mind, that their hero is guilty of some sort of character flaw or misdeed. This presumption is understandable. After all, I think any demographic study would show that the vast majority of people relying on mainstream media for their information lack the sort of critical-thinking skills and objectivity to see beyond what the media feeds them, and to render a fair and fully informed judgment about a public figure--heroic or otherwise.
A third reason for my agreement with the statement has to do with the longer-term fallout from intense media scrutiny and the presumption discussed above. Once tarnished as a result of intense media scrutiny, a person's reputation is forever besmirched, regardless of the merits or motives of the scrutinizers. Those who disagree with this seemingly cynical viewpoint might cite cases in which public figures whose reputations had been tarnished were ultimately vindicated. For example, certain celebrities have successfully challenged rag sheets such as the National Enquirer in the courts, winning large damage awards for libel. Yet in my observation these are exceptional cases; besides, a damage award is no indication that the public has expunged from its collective memory a perception that the fallen hero is guilty of the alleged character flaw or peccadillo.
In sum, the statement is fundamentally correct. As long as the media are motivated by profit, and as long as the public at large demands stories that serve to discredit, diminish, and destroy reputations, the media will continue to harm whichever unfortunate individuals become their cynosures. And the opportunity for vindication is little consolation in a society that seems to thrive, and even feed, on watching heroes being knocked off their pedestals.
Orignal From: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any living man or woman as a hero
Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could
（老题库185）
丑闻是有裨益的，因为它们让人们注意到一些问题，任何演说家和改革家都无法做到的。
1. On the one hand, scandals can sometimes serve to call our attention to pervasive social or political problems that we would otherwise neglect.
2. On the other hand, scandals can sometimes serve chiefly to distract us from more pressing community or societal problems.
Begin: 同意上面观点，丑闻可能是有益的，但是是要有条件限制的。
1. 丑闻可以揭示出某些社会现象，让人们去关注它。比如近几年纷纷报出的各种足球丑闻，让人们了解到在一场足球比赛后面隐藏了很多东西，裁判受贿，球员为了钱，故意输球，这次东西都是损害体育比赛的精神的。美国著名的水门事件（Watergate case），让人了解到美国民主制度遭到迫害。MIT副教授卢克?范?帕里耶斯（LukVanParijs）编造、修改科研数据以及杜撰合作者姓名，最终被发现报道，并被校方开除。这次现象如果不是因为丑闻的揭露，可能会被当作默认的社会潜规则（hidden rules），继续的危害社会。
It is true that scandals expose some facts that cannot be seen in other ways for the speakers and reformers have to take responsibility for their public affairs.
2. 但我们必须注意这些丑闻的真实性，可不盲信而造成对别人的伤害。毕竟有些媒体为了私利，编造一些子虚乌有的丑闻等等。
We should be avoid believing blindly in the reports about these scandals and be careful to establish the facts relating to them before making any judgments.
End：In sum, 适当的scandal可以揭露危害社会的东西，但是过多的scandal，或更进一步，life full of scandal without good news, 也会给社会带来消极的影响。因此我们应控制一个度, which makes our lives and the society better.
范文：
Are scandals useful in calling our attention to important problems, as this statement suggests? I agree that in many cases scandals can serve to reveal larger problems that a community or society should address. On the other hand, scandals can sometimes distract us from more important societal issues.
On the one hand, scandals can sometimes serve to call our attention to pervasive social or political problems that we would otherwise neglect. Perhaps the paradigmatic modern example is the Watergate scandal. Early in that scandal it would have been tempting to dismiss it as involving one isolated incidence of underhanded campaign tactics. But, in retrospect the scandal forever increased the level of scrutiny and accountability to which our public officials are held, thereby working a significant and lasting benefit to our society. More recently, the Clinton-Gore fundraising scandal sparked a renewed call for campaign-finance reform. In fact the scandal might result in the passage of a congressional bill outlawing private campaign contributions altogether, thereby rendering presidential candidates far less susceptible to undue influence of special-interest groups. Our society would be the dear beneficiary of such reform. Surely, no public speaker or reformer could have called our nation's collective attention to the problem of presidential misconduct unless these two scandals had surfaced.
On the other hand, scandals can sometimes serve chiefly to distract us from more pressing community or societal problems. At the community level, for example, several years ago the chancellor of a university located in my city was expelled from office for misusing university funds to renovate his posh personal residence. Every new development during the scandal became front-page news in the campus newspaper. But did this scandal serve any useful purpose? No. The scandal did not reveal any pervasive problem with university accounting practices. It did not result in any sort of useful system-wide reform. Rather, it was merely one incidence of petty misappropriation. Moreover, the scandal distracted the university community from far more important issues, such as affu'mative action and campus safety, which were relegated to the second page of the campus news paper during the scandal.
Even on a societal level, scandals can serve chiefly to distract us from more important matters. For example, time will tell whether the Clinton sex scandal will benefit our political, social, or legal system. Admittedly, the scandal did call our attention to certain issues of federal law. It sparked a debate about the powers and duties of legal prosecutors, under the Independent Counsel Act, vis-i-vis the chief executive while in and out of office. And the various court rulings about executive privilege and immunity WIU serve useful legal precedents for the furore. Even the impeachment proceedings xxhll no doubt provide useful procedural precedent at some future time. Yet on balance, it seems to me that the deleterious effects of the scandal in terms of the financial expense to taxpayers and the various harms to the many individuals caught up in the legal process---outweigh these benefits. More importantly, for more that a year the scandal served chiefly to distract us from our most pressing national and global problems, such as the Kosovo crisis, our social-security crisis, and health-care reform, to name just a few.
In sum, I agree that scandals often serve to flag important socio-political problems more effectively than any speaker or reformer can. However, whether a scandal works more benefit than harm to a community or society must be addressed on a case-by-case basis.
Orignal From: Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could
The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries
（老题库36）
个人的伟大是由后来人评判，不是由同时代的人来评判。
1. An individual's contemporaries may be emotionally connected with him or her.
2. It takes time for the significance of an individual's deeds to be recognized.
3. Admittedly, there are still plenty of cases in which people's greatness were instantaneously recognized and judged objectively by their contemporaries.
时间问题之个人的伟大
"An individual's greatness cannot be judged objectively by his or her contemporaries; the most objective evaluators of a person's greatness are people who belong to a later time"
个体的伟大成就不能由同时代的人来评判；对于成就最可观的评价者是后来人
开头：在人类社会发展的过程中，几乎所有的人都对整个社会的发展发挥的或多或少的影响。一些人的行为或者作品不光能够在当时的社会发挥影响，而且对现代文明的性能同样也有一定甚至是深远的影响，而另一些人虽然在当时几乎没有为社会或者社群做出任何贡献，但却在之后的社会发展中发挥着巨大的推动作用。换句话说，任何人的行为都具备短期效应和长期效应，相比于那些同代者，后来者能够更加清晰的认识到他们是否伟大。
1． 不可否认，相当多数的人在当时的社会发挥着重要的作用。这一点对于政治家来说尤为明显，多数作为国家领导者的政治家都能够在当时的社会产生一定的影响无论这种影响是坏还是好。比如一个国家的总统，不光决定了这个国家一段时间的发展情况，同时也会对世界其他国家的情况产生或多或少的影响
2． 相比之下，后人能够更加客观和准确的从历史的角度判断前人对社会的影响。首先，相比于同时代的人来说，后人不会受到媒体和当时舆论的影响，因此能够更客观地看待前人的功过。其次，后人能够通过研究和了解社会发展的历史知道前人当时的行为是否对其后的社会发展产生了影响，这在同时代人看来是不可能的。比如，多数当时不出名但现在珍贵而且伟大的艺术作品都是后人发现的。
3． 对于个人是否伟大的判断是一个持续的过程，时间越久，也就越容易看出个人的伟大程度。有的个人的作品和行为会被一度认为是对社会发展有害，而最后又被纠正为有益，这些不同判断的产生都是由于后人在判断前人的时候忽视了当时的历史环境以及其他条件的限制造成的。因此，几乎没有什么东西比是将更能检验一个人的伟大程度
总之，时间能够检验一切，包括一个人的伟大程度。后人能够比同时代的人更清晰的认识前人的伟大，只是因为他们拥有比同时代的人更多的时间用来检验。
范文：
Can a person's greatness be recognized only in retrospect, by those who live after the person, as the speaker maintains? In my view the speaker unfairly generalizes. In some areas, especially the arts, greatness is often recognizable in its nascent stages. However, in other areas, particularly the physical sciences, greatness must be tested over time before it can be confirmed. In still other areas, such as business, the incubation period for greatness varies from case to case.
We do not require a rear-view mirror to recognize artistic greatness--whether in music, visual arts, or literature. The reason for this is simple: art can be judged at face value.There's nothing to be later proved or disproved, affirmed or discredited, or even improved upon or refined by further knowledge or newer technology. History is replete with examples of artistic greatness immediately recognized, then later confm-ned. Through his patronage, the Pope recognized Michelangelo's artistic greatness, while the monarchs of Europe immediately recognized Mozart's greatness by granting him their most generous commissions. Mark Twain became a best-selling author and household name even during his lifetime. And the leaders of the modernist school of architecture marveled even as Frank Lloyd Wright was elevating their notions about architecture to new aesthetic heights.
By contrast, in the sciences it is difficult to identify greatness without the benefit of historical perspective. Any scientific theory might be disproved tomorrow, thereby demoting the theorist's contribution to the status of historical footnote. Or the theory might withstand centuries of rigorous scientific scrutiny. In any event, a theory may or may not serve as a springboard for later advances in theoretical science. A current example involves the ultimate significance of two opposing theories of physics: wave theory and quantum theory. Some theorists now claim that a new so-called "string" theory reconciles the two opposing theories--at least mathematically. Yet "strings" have yet to be confirmed empirically. Only time will tell whether string theory indeed provides the unifying laws that all matter in the universe obeys. In short, the significance of contributions made by theoretical scientists cannot be judged by their contemporaries--only by scientists who follow them.
In the realm of business, in some cases great achievement is recognizable immediately, while in other cases it is not. Consider on the one hand Henry Ford's assembly-line approach to manufacturing affordable cars for the masses. Even Ford could not have predicted the impact his innovations would have on the American economy and on the modern world. On the other hand, by any measure, Microsoft's Bill Gates has made an even greater contribution than Ford; after all, Gates is largely responsible for lifting American technology out of the doldrums during the 1970s to restore America to the status of economic powerhouse and technological leader of the world. And this contribution is readily recognizable now--as it is happening. Of course, the DOS and Windows operating systems, and even Gates' monopoly, might eventually become historical relics. Yet his greatness is already secured.
In sum, the speaker overlooks many great individuals, particularly in the arts and in business, whose achievements were broadly recognized as great even during their own time. Nevertheless, other great achievements, especially scientific ones, cannot be confirmed as such without the benefit of historical perspective.
Orignal From: The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries
Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive. Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated
结论：政府需要给社会主要城市提供财政支持，来保证其繁荣发展。
原因：一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以传承和发展。
老题库10
Disagree
1. Subsidizing cultural traditions is not a proper role of government.
2. Secondly, subsidizing cultural traditions is not a necessary role of government. Philanthropy is alive and well today, and so government need not intervene to ensure that our cultural traditions are preserved and promoted.
3. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the speaker unfairly suggests that large cities serve as the primary breeding ground and sanctuaries for a nation's cultural traditions.
城市和国家的关系之文化传统
范文：
The speaker's claim is actually threefold: (1) ensuring the survival of large cities and, in turn, that of cultural traditions, is a proper function of government; (2) government support is needed for our large dries and cultural traditions to survive and thrive; and (3) cultural traditions are preserved and generated primarily in our large cities. I strongly disagree with all three claims.
First of all, subsidizing cultural traditions is not a proper role of govemment. Admittedly, certain objectives, such as public health and safety, are so essential to the survival of large dries and of nations that government has a duty to ensure that they are met. However, these objectives should not extend tenuously to preserving cultural traditions. Moreover, government cannot possibly play an evenhanded role as cultural patron. Inadequate resources call for restrictions, priorities, and choices. It is unconscionable to relegate normative decisions as to which cities or cultural traditions are more deserving, valuable, or needy to a few legislators, whose notions about culture might be misguided or unrepresentative of those of the general populace. Also, legislators are all too likely to make choices in favor of the cultural agendas of their home towns and states, or of lobbyists with the most money and influence.
Secondly, subsidizing cultural traditions is not a necessary role of government. A lack of private funding might justify an exception. However, culture--by which I chiefly mean the fine arts--has always depended primarily on the patronage of private individuals and businesses, and not on the government. The Medicis, a powerful banking family of Renaissance Italy, supported artists Michelangelo and Raphael. During the 20th Century the primary source of cultural support were private foundations established by industrial magnates Carnegie, Mellon, Rockefeller and Getty. And tomorrow cultural support will come from our new technology and media moguls----including the likes of Ted Turner and Bill Gates. In short, philanthropy is alive and well today, and so government need not intervene to ensure that our cultural traditions are preserved and promoted.
Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the speaker unfairly suggests that large cities serve as the primary breeding ground and sanctuaries for a nation's cultural traditions. Today a nation's distinct cultural traditions--its folk art, crafts, traditional songs, customs and ceremonies--burgeon instead in small towns and rural regions. Admittedly, our cities do serve as our centers for "high art"; big cities are where we deposit, display, and boast the world's preeminent art, architecture, and music. But big-city culture has little to do any- more with one nation's distinct cultural traditions. After all, modern cities are essentially multicultural stew pots; accordingly, by assisting large cities a government is actually helping to create a global culture as well to subsidize the traditions of other nations' cultures.
In the final analysis, government cannot philosophically justify assisting large cities for the purpose of either promoting or preserving the nation's cultural traditions; nor is government assistance necessary toward these ends. Moreover, assisting large cities would have little bearing on our distinct cultural traditions, which abide elsewhere.
Orignal From: Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive. Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated
Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image
.(老题库33)
很不幸，在当代社会，打造一个引人入胜的外表已经变得比外表下的内容更加重要。
可供参考老题库33. "Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image."
在当代社会，打造一个引人入胜的外表已经变得比外表下的内容更加重要了。
I agree that image has become a more central concern, at least where short-term business or political success is at stake. Nevertheless, I think that in the longer term image ultimately yields to substance and fact.
1. The important role of image is particularly evident in the business world.
2. The growing significance of image is also evident in the political realm, particularly when it comes to presidential politics.
3. In the long terms, however, the significance of image wanes considerably.
外表和内容
在当今社会的快速变化导致人们生活节奏的加快的时代，人们更热衷于事物的外表，而不是它背后的事实。
1、尽管几乎所有人都知道事物背后的事实要比他的外表更重要，但是美丽时尚的外表却逐渐的被越来越多的人，尤其是年轻人，所追求。//最明显的例子之一就是充斥街头的各种广告了，现在的公司投入比过去多得多的钱为了制作更具吸引力的广告，因为影响深刻的广告要比过去以引更多的人来购买产品，许多人甚至并不确定它是否真的需要广告中推荐的产品或者是否了解这个产品的性能，只是因为漂亮和影响深刻的广告，就决定要去购买这样的产品。此外，公司里的设计者也需要花费更多的精力来设计产品的外观，因为许多人愿意为想能相同但外表更漂亮的产品花费更多的钱。//在政治上也是如此，政治家们也投入更多精力在选举前的宣传上，他们花费更多的时间研究如何给宣明留下深刻的印象，而人们也更乐于从电视上看到他们喜爱的政治家，从这个意义上说，宣传对于政治家来说要比实际制定的政策和法律更重要。
2、上述的现象是由多方面的因素造成的。//首先，对大部分来说，在他们并没有对事物进行更深刻的调查和研究之前，他们的第一影响就是外表，所以，外表更漂亮的产品显然要比一般产品吸引更多的注意力。//其次，人们生活节奏的加快使得多数人没有足够的时间在购买产品之前，对产品进行深入的了解，这最终导致人们开始习惯用直觉来选择产品，而不是产品性能。这一点在科技日益发达的今天显得尤为突出，因为大部分厂商在设计和制造产品的时候开始以消费者的心理来进行设计，相反的则忽视了产品的实际性能。在政治上，为了赢得选举，政治家们也开始研究市民的心理，而不是国家的发展方向。
3、尽管现代人们是多么的关心事物的外表，但从长远来看，事物背后的实质仍旧充当着真正的决定因素。//一些小企业为了挣足够的钱，以外表为代价换取性能上的低劣，最终导致实际的产品难以满足多数用户的实际需要。当用户发现他们购买的漂亮产品质量很差之后，他们会吸取教训，购买更实用的产品。政治家们的宣传也是一样，当人们发现他们喜爱的政治家使得国家的经济受到损失的时候，会毫不犹豫地支持其他反对的政治家。
总之，事物的外表虽然能够为公司或者政治家带来短期的利益，但是从长远来看，事物背后的实质才是真正的决定性因素。
可供参考老题库74. "The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."
和一大群人交流想法或者价值观的最有效方式是图像而非语言。
The use of images is not always more effective than that of language.
1. On the one hand, images are more vivid and easier for the largest audience to comprehend.
2. On the other hand, images tend to cause ambiguities.
3. The most effective way of communication is combing the use of images and that of language.
观点：不同意，各有各的有时，很难说那种是最有效的。
1. On the one hand, images are more vivid and easier for the largest audience to comprehend. deep impression, straight presentation. 卓别林Charley Chaplin.电视。动物世界。
2. On the other hand, images tend to cause ambiguities.拥有不同的背景。不同的民族对于不同的图像、颜色有着不同的理解。有时候一幅画，不同的人看，可能会有不同的理解。所以当用图象表达自己的思想时，别人的理解可能跟自己像表达的东西都所偏差。
3. 语言也有很强的力量 Words are capable of arousing the strongest emotions and prompting all man's actions。Martin Luther King I have a dream ，竞选前的演说等等。第二，很多教科书如果只有图片，没有文字，学生根本无法使用，而且文字可以清晰的阐述某一个原理或者公式。
4. abstract ideological ideas or values, or to the necessity to attain further understanding, language is indispensable。比如：哲学上的思想无法用图象表示出来
可供参考老题库215 "The bombardment of visual images in contemporary society has the effect of making people less able to focus clearly and extensively on a single issue over a long period of time."
当代社会中视觉形象的冲击导致了人们愈加无法长时间清晰而深刻地将注意力集中在一件事情上。
With the bombardment of visual images through mass media in contemporary society, it is possible that people will become more and more passive audience rather than creative thinkers.
1. Throughout history, artists have skillfully used images to make people think.
2. Today, with the introduction of CAI into the classroom, teachers can make their courses more vivid, more attractive and more effective.
3. Unfortunately, however, electronic media such as TV and the Internet tend to bombardment people with images, stimulating their senses rather than their thinking.
Begin: The speaker asserts that… , however, the speaker neglect the fact that the development of mass media and Internet also provide abundant useful information.
1. 在过去，images通常是作为一种更好的帮助人们理解的手段。艺术，小孩子看的图画书，工程制图
2. However, the contemporary society has evolved into an era of information explosion with overwhelming amount of visual images, which distracted our attention to focus on specific issues. People become accustomed to the superficial description about an issue rather than spend much time meditating its essence. 如：广告，网络游戏。（每天都有新的电视剧上演，网络提供了大量图片、视频资源下载，人们看电视欣赏图片只是寻求刺激，感官的享受，电视里曲折的情节，而对于其的文学，审美价值没有任何评价，也不去想。）
3. Admittedly, abundant useful information is also provided along with visual images by the development of mass media and Internet. These images are more vivid and impressive than written articles. 多媒体教学，以前只有枯燥的课本和板书，现在结合了视频，音频信息，可以更好的帮助学生理解。如生物课上，通过视频，老师可以动态的,更加生动地向学生们展示类人猿到人类的一个变化的过程。另外，A lot of related information could be obtained only by typing some word expressing our needs into the searching engine on the Internet. 这而省去了以前为搜集资料而东奔西跑的时间与精力，为我们更加专注的研究提供了条件。相信只要正确的利用这些信息，Internet可以成为帮助我们专心研究的最有力的工具。
End：平衡观点，提供过多信息的同时，也提供了大量宝贵的信息，能否专注关键还是看我们自己。
范文：
Has creating an image become more important in our society than the reality or truth behind the image? I agree that image has become a more central concern, at least where short-term business or political success is at stake. Nevertheless, I think that in the longer term image ultimately yields to substance and fact.
The important role of image is particularly evident in the business world. Consider, for example, today's automobile industry. American cars are becoming essentially identical to competing Japanese cars in nearly every mechanical and structural respect, as well as in price. Thus to compete effectively auto companies must now differentiate their products largely through image advertising, by conjuring up certain illusory benefits--such as machismo, status, sensibility, or fun. The increasing focus on image is also evident in the book-publishing business. Publishers are relying more and more on the power of their brands rather than the content of their books. Today mass-market books are supplanted within a year with products that are essential the same---except with fresh faces, rifles, and other promotional angles. I find quite telling the fact that today more and more book publishers are being acquired by large media companies. And the increasing importance of image is especially evident in the music industry, where originality, artistic interpretation, and technical proficiency have yielded almost entirely to sex appeal.
The growing significance of image is also evident in the political realm, particularly when it comes to presidential politics. Admittedly, by its very nature politicking has always emphasized rhetoric and appearances above substance and fact. Yet since the invention of the camera presidential politicians have become increasingly concerned about their image. For example, Teddy Roosevelt was very careful never to be photographed wearing a tennis outfit, for fear that such photographs would serve to undermine his rough-rider image that won him his only term in office. With the advent of television, image became even more central in presidential politics. After all, it was television that elected J.F.K. over Nixon. And our only two-term presidents in the television age were elected based largely on their image. Query whether Presidents Lincoln, Taft, or even F.D.R. would be elected today if pitted against the handsome leading man Reagan, or the suave and poliricaUy correct Clinton. After all, Lincoln was homely, Taft was obese, and F.D.R. was crippled.
In the long term, however, the significance of image wanes considerably. The image of the Marlboro man ultimately gave way to the truth about the health hazards of cigarette smoking. Popular musical acts with nothing truly innovative to offer musically eventually disappear from the music scene. And anyone who frequents yard sales knows that today's best-selling books often become tomorrow's pulp. Even in politics, I think history has a knack for peeling away image to focus on real accomplishments. I think history will remember Teddy Roosevelt, for example, primarily for building the Panama Canal and for establishing our National Park System--and not for his rough-and-ready wardrobe.
In the final analysis, it seems that in every endeavor where success depends to some degree on persuasion, marketing, or salesmanship, image has indeed become the central concern of those who seek to persuade. And as our lives become busier, our attention spans briefer, and our choices among products and services greater, I expect this trend to continue unabated--for better or worse.
Orignal From: Unfortunately, in contemporary society, creating an appealing image has become more important than the reality or truth behind that image
Some people believe that society should try to save every plant and animal species, despite the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being. Others believe that society need not make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species
有些人认为，社会应该拯救所有濒危的动植物，尽管花费人类的精力、时间和资金。也有人认为，社会没有必要拯救濒危物种，
特别是需要花费大量的资金和精力。
.可供参考老题库121. "At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species."
在过去不同的地质时期，许多的物种因为自然作用而非人类行为而灭绝。因此，人类社会为了挽救濒危物种而付出的巨大努力，尤其是以大量的资金和工作机会为代价，这样做是毫无道理的。
The statement raises a variety of issues about morality, conscience, self-preservation, and economics. On balance, however, I fundamentally agree with the notion that humans need not make "extraordinary" efforts—at the expense of money and jobs—to ensure the preservation of any endangered species.
1. There are three fundamental arguments for imposing on ourselves at least some responsibility to preserve endangered species, which are culpability, capability, and self-preservation.
2. On the other hand are two compelling arguments against placing a duty on humans to protect endangered species. The first is essentially the Darwinian argument that extinction results from the inexorable process of so-called "natural selection" in which stronger species survive while weaker ones do not.
3. Secondly, many animal extinctions are due to natural forces which are far beyond our ability. The more money and jobs it would cost to save a certain species, the lower priority we should place on doing so.
人类和自然--当务之急（资金、工作）和长远考虑（物种）
1． 在过去，确实学多生物灭绝了，是自然选择的结果，生物进化的自然过程。比如恐龙dinosaur，蕨类植物fern。
2． 但是现在，物种的灭绝与濒危和人类的活动有着直接的联系。Deforestation，湿地marshi的消失导致habitat的锐减，污染和人类的对其他动物的捕杀切断了食物链food chain，北美旅鸽曾有几十亿只，殖民者开发美州100多年，1914年9月这种鸟杀绝了。
3． 不管动物的灭绝是否是人类活动造成的，人类都拯救那些濒危的物种。生物多样性是地球生态环境的保障，所有的物种通过食物链相互联系，任何物种的灭绝都会产生一系列的影响。鲸类靠鱼类为生，如果鱼类由于污染和过度捕捞而大规模灭绝，那么鲸类的生产就收到威胁。如果人类赖以生存的物种都灭绝了，那么人类还如何生存？
4． 但是也要有度，一个国家的人类财力是有限的，不能一味的全用来保护濒危物种。保护濒危物种与社会的进步，经济的发展不应该对立。
.可供参考老题库242 "Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being."政府应尽力挽救每一动植物，不管花费多少人力、时间和财力
There is no need to save every plant and animal species regardless of the human costs.
1. The history of natural evolution has witnessed the extinction of some plants and animals species, which did not result in any harm to the environment.
2. Of course, if scientists can more or less prove that the extinction of a certain plant or species will cause some disastrous chain effects, we should make every effort to save it.
3. The primary responsibility of humans is to try to maintain the environment at its natural state, and then let nature do the rest job.
人类和物种
1． 植物与动物对与生态环境的保护，十分重要。植物的光合作用提供了氧气与动物的食物提供了栖息地，动物为人类和其他物种提供了生存的必需。比如，磷虾krill为南极动物提供了食物，如果磷虾灭绝南极生物都会面临灭绝。热带雨林被破坏，影响地球的气候，影响人类的生存
2． 社会的资源是有限的，不能过分的进行保守的保护，人类也要生存。比如家具需要木材，砍伐树木。人类需要食物，捕捞海洋鱼类。他社会问题同样需要投入人力财力，比如失业，贫困，自然灾害
3． 更好的办法是开发利用与保护的平衡，既在可能的范围内保护动植物，也保障了人类自身的需要。比如可以一边砍伐树木一边植树造林。可以通过科学方法进行人工培养，不破坏野生种群，比如磷虾
范文：
What are the limits of our duty to save endangered species from extinction? The statement raises a variety of issues about morality, conscience, self-preservation, and economics. On balance, however, I fundamentally agree with the notion that humans need not make "extraordinary" efforts--at the expense of money and jobs--to ensure the preservation of any endangered species.
As I see it, there are three fundamental arguments for imposing on ourselves at least some responsibility to preserve endangered species. The first has to do culpability. According to this argument, to the extent that endangerment is the result of anthropogenic events such as dear-cutting of forests or polluting of lakes and streams, we humans have a duty to take affirmative measures to protect the species whose survival we've placed in jeopardy.
The second argument has to do with capability. This argument disregards the extent to which we humans might have contributed to the endangerment of a species. Instead, the argument goes, if we are aware of the danger, know what steps are needed to prevent extinction, and can take those steps, then we are morally obligated to help prevent extinction. This argument would place a very high affirmative duty on humans to protect endangered species.
The third argument is an appeal to self-preservation. The animal kingdom is an intricate matrix of interdependent relationships, in which each species depends on many others for its survival. Severing certain relationships, such as that between a predator and its natural prey, can set into motion a series of extinctions that ultimately might endanger our own survival as a species. While this claim might sound far-fetched to some, environmental experts assure us that in the long run it is very real possibility.
On the other hand are two compelling arguments against placing a duty on humans to protect endangered species. The first is essentially the Darwinian argument that extinction results from the inexorable process of so-called "natural selection" in which stronger species survive while weaker ones do not. Moreover, we humans are not exempt from the process. Accordingly, if we see fit to eradicate other species in order to facilitate our survival, then so be it. We are only behaving as animal must, Darwin would no doubt assert.
The second argument, and the one that I find most compelling, is an appeal to logic over emotion. It is a scientific fact that thousands of animal species become extinct every year. Many such extinctions are due to natural forces, while others are due to anthropogenic factors. In any event, it is far beyond our ability to save them all. By what standard, then, should we decide which species are worth saving and which ones are not? In my observation, we tend to favor animals with human-like physical characteristics and behaviors. This preference is understandable; after all, dolphins are far more endearing than bugs. But there is no logical justification for such a standard. Accordingly, what makes more sense is to decide based on our own economic self-interest. In other words, the more money and jobs it would cost to save a certain species, the lower priority we should place on doing do.
In sum, the issue of endangered-species protection is a complex one, requiring subjective judgments about moral duty and the comparative value of various life forms. Thus, there are no easy or certain answers. Yet it is for this very reason I agree that economic self-interest should take precedence over vague notions about moral duty when it comes to saving endangered species. In the final analysis, at a point when it becomes critical for our own survival as a species to save certain others, then we humans will do so if we are fit – in accordance with Darwin's observed process of natural selection.
Orignal From: Some people believe that society should try to save every plant and animal species, despite the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being. Others believe that society need not make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species
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