可供参考老题库54. "History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today."
历史只教会了我们一件事：了解过去无助于人们今天做出重要的决定。
Disagree
1. It is a common misconception that what happened in the past has nothing to do with present society.
2. Individually, men can learn from the experience of great figures in history.
3. In business, case studies enable business people to confront their every day challenges.
4. Admittedly, there are entirely new problems that we have to cope with on our own without any precedent in history to refer to.
时间问题之历史不是今天的一
观点：disagree，学习历史（人物、事件、经验、教训），对今天的决定有指导作用
1． 在作出某些重大决定时历史给了我们很大的帮助，无论从哪个角度来说（个人的角度、从社会的角度、科学角度）
2.1 At the individual level，我们的决定往往会受历史人物及故事的影响
例：a student inspired by the courage and tenacity of history's great explorers might decide as a result to pursue a career in archeology, oceanography, or astronomy；林肯（Abraham Lincoln）的奋斗经历会激励我们不向命运低头，通过奋斗改变兹己的命运；哥白尼（Copernicus）同学故事告诉我们要勇于质疑别人的理论，并坚持自己的想法；达尔文（C·R·Darwin）放弃学医从而创立了生物进化论（The Origin of Species），告诉我们"兴趣是最好的老师"
2． At the nation level，从历史中吸取经验和教训。
例：三次经济危机的爆发告诉我们，资本主义（capitalism）的市场经济（market economy）也需要政府的调控；中国建国初期的发展历史告诉我们，社会主义（socialism、social democracy）的计划经济（planned economy）同样需要借鉴资本主义的市场经济；
3． 从科学技术的发展来看，现在的成就无不是建立在前人的成就之上的。
例：没有开普勒（Johannes Kepler）的三大定律，就没有今天的航空；没有列文虎克（Antoni van Leeuwenhoek）的发现，就没有我们今天的显微镜；牛顿在微分领域的贡献，我们至
今还在应用。
可供参考老题库221. "The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."
研究历史最大的好处就是打破了这种假象：不同时代的人们之间基本上是完全不同的。
1.I agree with the statement insofar as through the earnest study of human history we learn that basic human nature—our desires and motives, as well as our fears and foibles—has remained constant over recorded time.
2. However beneficial it might be to appreciate the unchanging nature of humankind, it is equally beneficial to understand and appreciate significant differences between peoples of different time periods—in terms of cultural mores, customs, values and ideals.
3. Another problem with the statement is that it undervalues other, equally important benefits of studying history.
观点：disagree，某些方面没有大差别；但有些方面差别很大；忽略了历史研究的其他好处
1．Admittedly，不同时期的人在某些方面是相似的
1.1 basic human nature consisting of desires, motives, fear, and etc. have remained constant over recorded time.(对爱情的渴望，和平稳定的追求，未知世界的探索等)
1.2 学习历史，借鉴前人的做法
2．However，在很多方面不同时期的人存在很大差别
1.1 生活、学习方式有很大变化
1.2 面临的问题也不同，环境污染、资源匮乏、核武器问题、人口过剩
3．Moreover，作者忽略了历史研究的其他好处：研究历史对现在的作用
TS：同意作者的观点。
1.由于科技以及对很多phenomena的本质的认识不同，给人们一种很大的假象，即不同时代的人完全不同。
下面展开造成这种假象的原因。（对历史的不懈，怎认为几天的人要比前人聪明，如我们知道地球是圆的，古代人不知道，其实这不是聪明，只是知识的积累不同，人类的知识积累是矩阵式的[个人观点，仅供参考，文科的这条略过]）
2.不同时代的人是有很大相同点的。（如，前人的经验我们可以借鉴，"孙子兵法"Art of War，孔子的教学理念Confucius ，因材施教Teach according to his ability ）
TS，所以研究历史，从历史中了解事实，以及学习起精髓很有必要，试想一下，当我们抛开前人的科技与经验，我们与不同时代的人还有什么差别吗？
可供参考老题库103 "The study of history has only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives"历史的研究价值只体现在这种研究和我们的日常生活相关时。（89＋7）
1. To begin with, learning about great human achievements of the past provides inspiration.
2. In addition, mistakes of the past can teach us as a society how to avoid repeating those mistakes.
3. Studying human history can also help us understand and appreciate the mores, values, and ideals of past cultures.
4. Appreciating history can serve to elevate our everyday chores to richer, more interesting, and more enjoyable experience.
历史研究
观点：disagree，与日常生活有关，但远不止日常生活，涉及其他方面
1．Admittedly，在日常生活中常常受到历史的影响，从历史中受到鼓舞及吸取经验教训
例：a student inspired by the courage and tenacity of history's great explorers might decide as a result to pursue a career in archeology, oceanography, or astronomy；林肯（Abraham Lincoln）的奋斗经历会激励那些不幸的人不向命运低头，通过奋斗改变自己的命运；哥白尼（Copernicus）同学的故事告诉我们要勇于质疑别人的理论，并坚持自己的想法；达尔文（C·R·Darwin）放弃学医从而创立了生物进化论（The Origin of Species），告诉我们"兴趣是最好的老师"；居里夫人Madame Curie对于科学的执著
2．However，在社会发展与国家决策方面，虽然与日常生活无关，依然能从历史中吸取经验和教训
例：三次经济危机的爆发告诉我们，资本主义（capitalism）的市场经济（market economy）也需要政府的调控；中国建国初期的发展历史告诉我们，社会主义（socialism、social democracy）的计划经济（planned economy）同样需要借鉴资本主义的市场经济；
3．有些历史事件表面上看来与现代社会无关，但是本质上，都是人类社会发展中的各个台阶，应当符合历史发展的客观规律。研究这些有助于人们了解人类历史的发展规律，了解生产关系与社会的关系，对先进也有指导作用
不同意
The speaker alleges。。。only insofar as。。。I find this allegation to be specious。。。It wrongly suggests。。。To the contrary,。。。
studying historical examples of courage in the face of adversity can provide motivation to face their own personal fears in life
1． 历史让个人明白社会变化：
History is indispensable to understanding why such changes occur.
Once we determine when the trend began, we can try to identify which of the factors present at the time combined to set the trend in motion.
A purely contemporary analysis may shed some light on the problem, but a historical assessment is clearly fundamental—and essential for anyone concerned about …
History as art and entertainment serves a real purpose, on aesthetic grounds but also on the level of human understanding. Stories well done are stories that reveal how people and societies have actually functioned, and they prompt thoughts about he human experience in other times and places. The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility.
比如：high-art 艺术家，知道了Van Gogh后就明白坚持艺术要孤独要艰辛
Require strong belief, persistence, and the ability to bear loneliness and misunderstanding.
Van Gogh, two of whose still life paintings have recently broken all records in selling for $50 million, sold only one of his paintings in his entire career.
Yet, an ever-lengthening honor roll distinguishes works first received as unacceptable by resistant audiences.
2． 错过的不要再错：to avoid repeating those mistakes.
比如：二战 世界混乱，经济depression, 人们苦难suffer，进步停滞impede development 知道和平的珍贵，stability and peace，treasure
范文例子：
The nuclear accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl have been studied to ensure that they do not happen again. Certainly the study of the effects of nuclear materials on humans and the environment provides value beyond that of the day-to-day life of people. The study of oil spills and their effects on the environment gives similar guidance on how to avoid or at least minimize the damage of an oil spill on the environment. The study of the disintegration of the ozone layer over the poles of the earth has given birth to new laws and regulations on certain chemicals that help to preserve this valuable part of our atmosphere.
All of these examples of studying history provide value far beyond its impact on the daily lives of people.
3． 宝贵遗产，至今适用：precious historical heritage
History also provides a terrain for moral contemplation.
比如：孔子的话"two heads are better than one" "know is know…"
Socrates : Genuine education, as Socrates knew more than two thousand years ago, is not inserting the stuffing of information into a person, but rather eliciting knowledge from him; it is drawing out of what is in the mind.
孙子兵法From the ancient Chinese author Sun Tzu's book "The Art of War", today's military commanders and even business leaders gather valuable information that allows them to operate more efficiently and effectively.
4． 对国家忠诚：histories that tell the national story, emphasizing distinctive features of the national experience, are meant to drive home an understanding of national values and a commitment to national loyalty.
比如：美国独立战争
总结：不仅明白，而且提高修养
Helps us understand how recent, current, and prospective changes that affect the lives of citizens are emerging or may emerge and what causes are involved
Lift spirits.
In sum, the speaker fails to recognize that in all our activities and decisions--from our grandest to our most rote--history can inspire, inform, guide, and nurture. In the final analysis, to study history is to gain the capacity to be more human--and I would be hard-pressed to imagine a worthier end.
另一开头：To state … is to ignore the value …It would seem to be a rather shallow statement that implies … only …rather than …
可供参考老题库120 "So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present."
现代生活是崭新、复杂的，认知过去对现在没有知道价值
Even though history offers few foolproof panaceas for living today, the author's claim that today's world is so unique that the past is irrelevant is too radical.
1. Admittedly, history has helped us learn the appropriateness of addressing certain social issues, particularly moral ones, on a societal level.
2. However, the only firm lesson from history about social ills is that they are here to stay.
现在和过去
观点：disagree，虽然现代生活新鲜、复杂，但认知过去仍具有价值
1． Admittedly，现代社会发展迅速，知识更新快，要求我们不断学习新的知识。
例：计算机、互联网的发展，使得无论从事什么行业都要懂得操作计算机。
2． However，对过去的研究和学习对个人及社会发展的作用不能忽略。In contrast，为了现在的学习和发展，应该更为重视过去的经验和教训。
2.1 At the individual level，从历史中受到鼓舞及吸取经验教训。
例：a student inspired by the courage and tenacity of history's great explorers might decide as a result to pursue a career in archeology, oceanography, or astronomy；林肯（Abraham Lincoln）的奋斗经历会激励那些不幸的人不向命运低头，通过奋斗改变自己的命运；哥白尼（Copernicus）同学的故事告诉我们要勇于质疑别人的理论，并坚持自己的想法；达尔文（C·R·Darwin）放弃学医从而创立了生物进化论（The Origin of Species），告诉我们"兴趣是最好的老师"；居里夫人Madame Curie对于科学的执著
3． At the nation level，在社会发展与国家决策方面，依然能从历史中吸取经验和教训
例：三次经济危机的爆发告诉我们，资本主义（capitalism）的市场经济（market economy）也需要政府的调控；中国建国初期的发展历史告诉我们，社会主义（socialism、social democracy）的计划经济（planned economy）同样需要借鉴资本主义的市场经济；
老题库125 "The past is no predictor of the future"过去不能预示未来
观点：agree 过去不能预示未来，但通过研究和学习过去，可以使事情沿我们期望的好的方向发展
1．Admittedly，将来会发生什么是很难预测的无论是过去还是现在。
例：100年前不会想到，计算机的发明、互联网的普及使世界变成地球村，人类可以在其他星球上漫步
2．However，对过去的研究和学习可以影响我们的未来。At the individual level，一个人的决定及未来往往会受历史人物及故事的影响
3．At the nation level，通过从历史中吸取经验和教训，在社会发展与国家决策方面避免犯同样的错误并向好的方向发展
范文：
The speaker alleges that studying history is valuable only insofar as it is relevant to our daily lives. I find this allegation to be specious. It wrongly suggests that history is not otherwise instructive and that its relevance to our everyday lives is limited. To the contrary, studying history provides inspiration, innumerable lessons for living, and useful value-clarification and perspective---all of which help us decide how to live our lives.
To begin with, learning about great human achievements of the past provides inspiration. For example, a student inspired by the courage and tenacity of history's great explorers might decide as a result to pursue a career in archeology, oceanography, or astronomy. This decision can, in turn, profoundly affect that student's everyday life--in school and beyond. Even for students not inclined to pursue these sorts of careers, studying historical examples of courage in the face of adversity can provide motivation to face their own personal fears in life. In short, learning about grand accomplishments of the past can help us get through the everyday business of living, whatever that business might be, by emboldening us and lifting our spirits.
In addition, mistakes of the past can teach us as a society how to avoid repeating those mistakes. For example, history can teach us the inappropriateness of addressing certain social issues, particularly moral ones, on a societal level. Attempts to legislate morality invariably fail, as aptly illustrated by the Prohibition experiment in the U.S. during the 1930s. Hopefully, as a society we can apply this lesson by adopting a more enlightened legislative approach toward such issues as free speech, criminalization of drug use, criminal justice, and equal rights under the law.
Studying human history can also help us understand and appreciate the mores, values, and ideals of past cultures. A heightened awareness of cultural evolution, in turn, helps us formulate informed and reflective values and ideals for ourselves. Based on these values and ideals, students can determine their authentic life path as well as how they should allot their time and interact with others on a day-to-day basis.
Finally, it might be tempting to imply from the speaker's allegation that studying history has little relevance even for the mundane chores that occupy so much of our time each day, and therefore is of little value. However, from history we learn not to take everyday activities and things for granted. By understanding the history of money and banking we can transform an otherwise routine trip to the bank into an enlightened experience, or a visit to the grocery store into an homage to the many inventors, scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs of the past who have made such convenience possible today. And, we can fully appreciate our freedom to go about our daily lives largely as we choose only by understanding our political heritage. In short, appreciating history can serve to elevate our everyday chores to richer, more interesting, and more enjoyable experiences. In sum, the speaker fails to recognize that in all our activities and decisions--from our grandest to our most rote--history can inspire, inform, guide, and nurture. In the final analysis, to study history is to gain the capacity to be more human--and I would be hard- pressed to imagine a worthier end.
The speaker claims that since so much in today's world is new and complex the past provides little guidance for living in the present. I agree with this assertion insofar as history offers few foolproof panaceas for living today. However, I disagree with the speaker's claim that today's world is so unique that the past is irrelevant. One good example that supports my dual position is the way society has dealt with its pressing social problems over time.
Admittedly, history has helped us learn the appropriateness of addressing certain social issues, particularly moral ones, on a societal level. Attempts to legislate morality invariably fail, as illustrated by Prohibition in the 1930s and, more recently, failed federal legislation to regulate access to adult material via the Internet. We are slowly learning this lesson, as the recent trend toward legalization of marijuana for medicinal purposes and the recognition of equal rights for same-sex partners both demonstrate.
However, the only firm lesson from history about social ills is that they are here to stay. Crime and violence, for example, have troubled almost every society. All manner of reform, prevention, and punishment have been tried. Today, the trend appears to be away from reform toward a "tough-on-crime" approach. Is this because history makes clear that punishment is the most effective means of eliminating crime? No; rather, the trend merely reflects our current mores, attitudes, and political climate.
Another example involves how we deal with the mentally-iii segment of the population. History reveals that neither quarantine, treatment, nor accommodation solves the problem, only that each approach comes with its own trade-offs. Also undermining the assertion that history helps us to solve social problems is the fact that, despite the civil-fights efforts of Martin Luther King and his progenies, the cultural gap today between African-Americans and white Americans seems to be widening. It seems that racial prejudice is a timeless phenomenon.
To sum up, in terms of how to live together as a society I agree that studying the past is of some value; for example, it helps us appreciate the futility of legislating morality. However, history's primary sociological lesson seems to be that today's social problems are as old as society itself, and that there are no panaceas or prescriptions for solving these problems---only alternate ways of coping with them.
Orignal From: Claim: Knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today. Reason: We are not able to make connections between current events and past events until we have some distance from both
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